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. 2022 Sep 8;10(9):1498.
doi: 10.3390/vaccines10091498.

Comparison of the Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines in Bangladeshi Population

Protim Sarker  1 , Evana Akhtar  1 , Rakib Ullah Kuddusi  1 , Mohammed Mamun Alam  1 , Md Ahsanul Haq  1 , Md Biplob Hosen  1 , Bikash Chandra Chanda  2 , Farjana Haque  1 , Muntasir Alam  1 , Abdur Razzaque  3 , Mustafizur Rahman  1 , Faruque Ahmed  4 , Md Golam Kibria  4 , Mohammed Zahirul Islam  5 , Shehlina Ahmed  6 , Rubhana Raqib  1
Affiliations

Comparison of the Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines in Bangladeshi Population

Protim Sarker et al. Vaccines (Basel). .

Abstract

Background: The adaptive immune response is a crucial component of the protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, generated after infection or vaccination.

Methods: We studied antibody titers, neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses to four different COVID-19 vaccines, namely Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna Spikevax, AstraZeneca and Sinopharm vaccines in the Bangladeshi population (n = 1780).

Results: mRNA vaccines Moderna (14,655 ± 11.3) and Pfizer (13,772 ± 11.5) elicited significantly higher anti-Spike (S) antibody titers compared to the Adenovector vaccine AstraZeneca (2443 ± 12.8) and inactivated vaccine Sinopharm (1150 ± 11.2). SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies as well as IFN-γ-secreting lymphocytes were more abundant in Pfizer and Moderna vaccine recipients compared to AstraZeneca and Sinopharm vaccine recipients. Participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibited higher post-vaccine immune responses (S-specific and neutralizing antibodies, IFN-γ-secreting cells) compared to uninfected participants. Memory B (BMEM), total CD8+T, CD4+ central memory (CD4+CM) and T-regulatory (TREG) cells were more numerous in AstraZeneca vaccine recipients compared to other vaccine recipients. Plasmablasts, B-regulatory (BREG) and CD4+ effector (CD4+EFF) cells were more numerous in mRNA vaccine recipients.

Conclusions: mRNA vaccines generated a higher antibody response, while a differential cellular response was observed for different vaccine types, suggesting that both cellular and humoral responses are important in immune monitoring of different types of vaccines.

Keywords: B cell; SARS-CoV-2; T cell; cellular immunity; humoral immunity; neutralizing antibodies.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SARS-CoV-2 S-protein-specific antibody levels in study participants after two doses of vaccination. (A) Comparison of antibody levels between different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines; (B) differences in antibody titer between RT-PCR positive and negative participants; (C) comparison of antibody levels between participants positive and negative for SARS-CoV-2 N-protein-specific antibody. A 2-way ANCOVA model was used to estimate the p-value, and the model was adjusted for age, sex, income and BMI.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Neutralizing antibody titers in different vaccine groups. A 2-way ANCOVA was used to estimate the p-value, and the model was adjusted for age, sex, income and BMI.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Proportion of immune cells in different vaccine groups. (A) Proportion of B cell subtypes; (B) Proportion of T cell subtypes. A 2-way ANCOVA was used to estimate the p-value, and the model was adjusted for age, sex, income and BMI. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Figure 4
Figure 4
IFN-γ-secreting T cells in different vaccine groups. A 2-way ANCOVA was used to estimate the p-value, and the model was adjusted for age, sex, income and BMI.
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