Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Sep 16:15:7319-7328.
doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S367125. eCollection 2022.

Detection of Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress by Cotinine in Smokers: Measured Through Interleukin-6 and Superoxide Dismutase

Kumboyono Kumboyono  1 , Indah Nur Chomsy  2 , Ardhi Khoirul Hakim  3 , Hidayat Sujuti  4   5 , Tita Hariyanti  5   6 , Arie Srihardyastutie  7 , Titin Andri Wihastuti  8
Affiliations

Detection of Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress by Cotinine in Smokers: Measured Through Interleukin-6 and Superoxide Dismutase

Kumboyono Kumboyono et al. Int J Gen Med. .

Abstract

Purpose: Smoking is a significant risk factor in developing cardiovascular disease pathogenesis through oxidative stress and inflammation mechanisms. This study used cotinine as a biomarker of nicotine exposure levels in the body, which was associated with levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) as markers of oxidative stress and vascular inflammation. The research aimed to analyze the effect of cotinine levels on the expression of IL-6 and SOD.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design on 200 subjects, consisting 100 smokers and 100 non-smokers. Cotinine levels, IL-6 expression, and SOD were measured from the blood serum of each subject using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Then the data were analyzed using Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA).

Results: There was a significant effect of cotinine levels on the reduction of SOD mediated by IL-6 (CR = 4.006). Cotinine levels also increased IL-6 mediated by SOD (CR = 4.292). The structural model shows that higher cotinine levels will increase IL-6 expression, and conversely, SOD expression will decrease.

Conclusion: High cotinine levels cause an increase in the inflammatory process and oxidative stress in the vasculature of smokers, which is characterized by high IL-6 expression and low SOD expression.

Keywords: IL-6; SOD; cardiovascular disease; cotinine; oxidative stress; smoking.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The contribution of cotinine and IL-6 levels to SOD.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982–3021. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. World Health Organization.Cardiovascular Diseases (Cvds): Key Facts. World Health Organization; 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases...). Accessed September 8, 2022.
    1. Brunssen C, Giebe S, Hofmann A, Brux M, Morawietz H. Evaluation of cytotoxic, oxidative, and pro-inflammatory effects of aqueous cigarette smoke extract on human monocytes: a potential model system for assessment of next-generation tobacco and nicotine products. Applied Vitro Toxicol. 2017;3(1):121–130. doi:10.1089/aivt.2016.0037 - DOI
    1. Kundu J, Kundu S. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its associated risk factors among older adults in India: evidence from LASI Wave 1. Clin Epidemiol Global Health. 2022;13:100937. doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100937 - DOI
    1. Shrestha S, Mishra DR, Dhakal N, Bhandari S, Khanal S, Lamsal M. Correlation of urinary cotinine with cardiovascular risk factors in pan masala tobacco users. Indian Heart J. 2019;71(6):459–463. doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2019.10.001 - DOI - PMC - PubMed