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Review
. 2022 Mar-Apr;42(2):145-162.
doi: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.04.007. Epub 2022 May 9.

Quantification and treatment of congestion in heart failure: A clinical and pathophysiological overview

Rafael de la Espriella  1 , Enrique Santas  1 , Isabel Zegri Reiriz  2 , Jose Luis Górriz  3 , Marta Cobo Marcos  4 , Julio Núñez  5
Affiliations
Free article
Review

Quantification and treatment of congestion in heart failure: A clinical and pathophysiological overview

Rafael de la Espriella et al. Nefrologia (Engl Ed). 2022 Mar-Apr.
Free article

Abstract

Renal sodium and water retention with resulting extracellular volume expansion and redistribution are hallmark features of heart failure syndromes. However, congestion assessment, monitoring, and treatment represent a real challenge in daily clinical practice. This document reviewed historical and contemporary evidence of available methods for determining volume status and discuss pharmacological aspects and pathophysiological principles that underlie diuretic use.

Keywords: Biomarcadores; Biomarkers; Congestion; Congestión; Diuretic therapy; Diuréticos; Heart failure; Insuficiencia cardiaca.

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