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. 2022 Sep 8:9:953169.
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.953169. eCollection 2022.

Pressurized natural deep eutectic solvents: An alternative approach to agro-soy by-products

Felipe Sanchez Bragagnolo  1   2 , Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez  2 , Jose A Mendiola  2 , Alejandro Cifuentes  2 , Cristiano Soleo Funari  1 , Elena Ibáñez  2
Affiliations

Pressurized natural deep eutectic solvents: An alternative approach to agro-soy by-products

Felipe Sanchez Bragagnolo et al. Front Nutr. .

Abstract

Soybeans are mainly used for food and biodiesel production. It is estimated that soy crops worldwide will leave about 651 million metric tons of branches, leaves, pods, and roots on the ground post-harvesting in 2022/23. These by-products might serve as largely available and cheap source of high added-value metabolites, such as flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and other phenolic compounds. This work aimed to explore green approaches based on the use of pressurized and gas expanded-liquid extraction combined with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) to achieve phenolic-rich extracts from soy by-products. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the generated extracts were quantified and compared with conventional solvents and techniques. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with choline chloride/citric acid/water (1:1:11 - molar ratio) at 120°C, 100 bar, and 20 min, resulted in an optimized condition to generate phenolic and flavonoid-rich fractions of soy by-products. The individual parts of soy were extracted under these conditions, with their metabolic profile obtained by UHPLC-ESI-QToF-MS/MS and potential antioxidant properties by ROS scavenging capacity. Extracts of soy roots presented the highest antioxidant capacity (207.48 ± 40.23 mg AA/g), three times higher than soybean extracts (68.96 ± 12.30). Furthermore, Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) were applied to select natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (NaHDES) as substituents for n-heptane to defat soybeans. Extractions applying NaHDES candidates achieved a similar yield and chromatography profile (GC-QToF-MS) to n-heptane extracts.

Keywords: NADES; bioactive compounds; bioeconomy; biorefinery; green chemistry; pressurized liquid; soy by-products.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Flowchart of the extraction procedures and analyses employed in this work.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Kinetic curves based on the yields of soybean and mix of soy by-products extracts generated by PLE using n-heptane at three different temperatures (40, 80, and 120°C).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
GC-QToF-MS chromatograms of the lower and higher temperature of soybean n-heptane extracts at 40 (A) and 120°C (B) and eucalyptol/menthol (1:1) – EM at 90 (C) and 150°C (D) performed by PLE. The peaks marked with * were related to phthalate contaminants identified in NaHDES candidate extracts.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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