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. 2022 Oct 18;56(20):14228-14236.
doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03268. Epub 2022 Sep 26.

Documented Orphaned Oil and Gas Wells Across the United States

Jade Boutot  1 , Adam S Peltz  2 , Renee McVay  2 , Mary Kang  1
Affiliations

Documented Orphaned Oil and Gas Wells Across the United States

Jade Boutot et al. Environ Sci Technol. .

Abstract

Orphaned oil and gas wells are unplugged nonproducing wells with no solvent owner of record to plug and mitigate them, such that the responsibility often falls on government agencies and the general public. Unplugged wells pose risks to the environment, climate, and human health. To develop a national framework to quantify the environmental benefits of plugging and optimize mitigation, we analyze oil and gas well data from state agencies across the United States to estimate the number of documented orphaned wells over time and evaluate their attributes. We find at least 81,857 documented orphaned wells as of September 2021 and 123,318 as of April 2022, representing 2% and 3%, respectively, of all estimated abandoned wells in the United States. We identify at least 20,286 potentially documented orphaned wells as of September 2021 (0.5% of all estimated abandoned wells in the country), of which 8% became documented orphaned wells as of April 2022. We estimate annual methane emissions to average 0.016 ± 0.001 MMt of CH4 for the 123,318 documented orphaned wells as of April 2022, corresponding to 5-6% of the total methane emissions estimated by the U.S. EPA for all abandoned wells. Although well type (i.e., oil vs gas) is generally available (83% of the 81,857 documented orphaned wells as of September 2021), only 49% and 16% of the wells have information on depth and last production date, respectively. Overall, documented orphaned wells and their attributes, including location, well type, depth, and last production date, require additional characterization and studies to constrain the uncertainties. Nevertheless, our identification and analysis of documented orphaned wells represent the first steps toward characterizing the full set of wells eligible to be plugged and remediated with the federal funding available in the U.S. via the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. Our results can also be useful for the management of the hundreds of thousands, potentially a million, undocumented orphaned wells likely to exist across the nation.

Keywords: abandoned wells; environmental impacts; methane; oil and gas; orphaned wells.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of documented orphaned oil and gas wells across the U.S. based on state databases as of April 2022 (left) and September 2021 (right).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Total annual methane emissions by scenarios developed in Williams et al. with methane emissions and emissions uncertainty for abandoned wells by the U.S. EPA (top) and distribution of annual methane emissions by state for the average of all five scenarios (bottom). All emission scenarios are described in Table S8.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Well attribute availability for the 81,857 documented orphaned oil and gas wells as of September 2021 (top); availability of well type, well depth, and last production date per state (left column); pie chart of well type distribution (top right column); cumulative distribution of well depth (middle right column); histogram of last production date (bottom right column).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Orphaned dates by year (left column) and month (right column) for documented orphaned oil and gas wells in Texas, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming with available orphaned date information as of September 2021. Years/months indicating no wells orphaned are years/months with no available data.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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