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. 2022 Oct;9(10):1643-1659.
doi: 10.1002/acn3.51664. Epub 2022 Sep 27.

Hybrid and vaccine-induced immunity against SAR-CoV-2 in MS patients on different disease-modifying therapies

Ilya Kister  1 , Ryan Curtin  2 , Jinglan Pei  3 , Katherine Perdomo  1 , Tamar E Bacon  1 , Iryna Voloshyna  2 , Joseph Kim  2 , Ethan Tardio  2 , Yogambigai Velmurugu  2 , Samantha Nyovanie  2 , Andrea Valeria Calderon  2 , Fatoumatta Dibba  2 , Igda Stanzin  2 , Marie I Samanovic  4 , Pranil Raut  3 , Catarina Raposo  5 , Jessica Priest  3 , Mark Cabatingan  3 , Ryan C Winger  3 , Mark J Mulligan  4 , Yury Patskovsky  2 , Gregg J Silverman  6 , Michelle Krogsgaard  2
Affiliations

Hybrid and vaccine-induced immunity against SAR-CoV-2 in MS patients on different disease-modifying therapies

Ilya Kister et al. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2022 Oct.

Erratum in

Abstract

Objective: To compare "hybrid immunity" (prior COVID-19 infection plus vaccination) and post-vaccination immunity to SARS CoV-2 in MS patients on different disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and to assess the impact of vaccine product and race/ethnicity on post-vaccination immune responses.

Methods: Consecutive MS patients from NYU MS Care Center (New York, NY), aged 18-60, who completed primary COVID-19 vaccination series ≥6 weeks previously were evaluated for SARS CoV-2-specific antibody responses with electro-chemiluminescence and multiepitope bead-based immunoassays and, in a subset, live virus immunofluorescence-based microneutralization assay. SARS CoV-2-specific cellular responses were assessed with cellular stimulation TruCulture IFNγ and IL-2 assay and, in a subset, with IFNγ and IL-2 ELISpot assays. Multivariate analyses examined associations between immunologic responses and prior COVID-19 infection while controlling for age, sex, DMT at vaccination, time-to-vaccine, and vaccine product.

Results: Between 6/01/2021 and 11/11/2021, 370 MS patients were recruited (mean age 40.6 years; 76% female; 53% non-White; 22% with prior infection; common DMT classes: ocrelizumab 40%; natalizumab 15%, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators 13%; and no DMT 8%). Vaccine-to-collection time was 18.7 (±7.7) weeks and 95% of patients received mRNA vaccines. In multivariate analyses, patients with laboratory-confirmed prior COVID-19 infection had significantly increased antibody and cellular post-vaccination responses compared to those without prior infection. Vaccine product and DMT class were independent predictors of antibody and cellular responses, while race/ethnicity was not.

Interpretation: Prior COVID-19 infection is associated with enhanced antibody and cellular post-vaccine responses independent of DMT class and vaccine type. There were no differences in immune responses across race/ethnic groups.

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Conflict of interest statement

IK served on the scientific advisory board for Biogen Idec, Genentech, Alexion, EMDSerono, Horizon; received consulting fees from Roche; and received research support from Guthy‐Jackson Charitable Foundation, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Biogen Idec, Serono, Genzyme, and Genentech/Roche; he receives royalties from Wolters Kluwer for “Top 100 Diagnosis in Neurology”. GJS received honoraria from BMS, Eli Lilly, and Genentech, and research support from BMS, Genentech, Lupus Research Alliance, NIH‐NIAMS, NIH‐NIAID, and NIH‐NILB. MK is on the scientific advisory board for NexImmune and Genentech and received research support from Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Genentech, Novartis, the Mark Foundation, NIH‐NIGMS and NIH‐NCI. CR is employee and shareholder of F. Hoffmann‐La Roche. MJM reported the following potential competing interests: laboratory research and shareholder of F. Hoffmann‐La Roche Ltdclinical trials contracts for vaccines or MAB versus SARS‐CoV‐2 with Lilly, Pfizer‐BioNTech, and Sanofi; personal fees for Scientific Advisory Board service from Merck, Meissa Vaccines, and Pfizer‐BioNTech; contract funding from USG/HHS/BARDA for research specimen characterization and repository; research grant funding from USG/HHS/NIH for SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine and MAB clinical trials. JP, JP, MC, and RCW are employees of Genentech, Inc. and shareholders of F. Hoffmann‐La Roche. RC, KP, TEB, JK, ET, IV, YV, SN, AVC, ED, and IS have nothing to disclose.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Post‐vaccination antibody responses by DMT classa and prior COVID‐19 as assessed by (A) MBI anti‐Spike IgG, (B) MBI anti‐RBD Spike IgG, and (C) Elecsys anti‐RBD Spike Ab. Ab, antibody; DMT, disease‐modifying therapy; IgG, immunoglobulin G; MBI, multiplex bead‐based assay; RBD, receptor‐binding domain. a“Other DMTs” included interferon‐b, glatiramer, fumarates, and teriflunomide. p values compare respective DMT classes versus no DMT (reference).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Post‐vaccination antibody responses to Pfizer‐BioNTech (Comirnaty) and Moderna (Spikevax) vaccine by DMT classa and prior COVID‐19 as assessed by (A) MBI anti‐Spike IgG, (B) MBI anti‐RBD IgG, and (C) Elecsys anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 Ab. Ab, antibody; DMT, disease‐modifying therapy; IgG, immunoglobulin G; MBI, multiplex bead‐based assay; RBD, receptor‐binding domain. a “Other DMTs” included interferon‐b, glatiramer, fumarates, and teriflunomide. p values compare respective DMT classes versus no DMT (reference).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Post‐vaccination (A) antibody responses as assessed by MBI anti‐Spike and Elecsys anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 Ab by race and (B) cellular activation responses as assessed by TruCulture IFNγ and TruCulture IL‐2 by race. Ab, antibody; IFNγ, interferon gamma; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IL‐2, interleukin 2; MBI, multiplex bead‐based assay; RBD, receptor‐binding domain.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Post‐vaccination cellular activation by DMT classa and prior COVID‐19 as assessed by (A) TruCulture IFNγ and (B) TruCulture IL‐2. DMT, disease‐modifying therapy; IFNγ, interferon gamma; IL‐2, interleukin 2; SD, standard deviation. a Other DMTs included interferon‐b, glatiramer, fumarates, and teriflunomide. p values compare respective DMT classes versus no DMT (reference).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Post‐vaccination T‐cell activation responses to Pfizer‐BioNTech (Comirnaty) and Moderna (Spikevax) vaccine by DMT classa and prior COVID‐19 as assessed by (A) TruCulture IFNγ and (B) TruCulture IL‐2. DMT, disease‐modifying therapy; IFNγ, interferon gamma; IL‐2, interleukin 2; SD, standard deviation. aOther DMTs' included interferon‐b, glatiramer, fumarates, and teriflunomide. p values compare respective DMT classes versus no DMT (reference).
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