Gut microbiome health and dysbiosis: A clinical primer

Abstract

The gut microbiome has been referred to as the "forgotten organ." Although much about the gut microbiome remains incompletely understood, data on its clinical importance is emerging at rapid speed. Many practicing clinicians may be unaware of the essential role that the microbiome plays in both health and disease. This review aims to improve clinical understanding of the gut microbiome by discussing key terminology and foundational concepts. The role of a healthy microbiome in normal host function is described, as well as the consequences of a disrupted microbiome (i.e., dysbiosis). Management strategies to restore the gut microbiome from a disrupted to a healthy state are also briefly discussed. Lastly, we review emerging areas for therapeutic potential and opportunity to bring determinants of microbiome health from the bench to bedside.

Keywords: Clostridioides difficile infection; dysbiosis; gut microbiome.

FIGURE 1

The gut microbiome comprises a diverse community of commensal organisms existing in various abundances that participate in several healthy and beneficial functions

FIGURE 2

Dysbiosis is associated with alterations in the composition and/or functions of the microbiome