Prepandemic Prevalence Estimates of Fatty Liver Disease and Fibrosis Defined by Liver Elastography in the United States

Abstract

Background and aims: Fatty liver disease is a growing public health burden. We estimated prepandemic fatty liver disease prevalence determined by transient elastography-assessed hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, and examined associations with lifestyle and other factors in a United States population sample.

Methods: Liver stiffness and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) were assessed on 7923 non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic Asian, and Hispanic men and women aged 20 years and over in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-March 2020 prepandemic data.

Results: The prevalence of fatty liver disease (CAP > 300 dB/m) was 28.8% and of fibrosis (liver stiffness > 8 kPa) was 10.4%. Only 7.2% of participants with fatty liver disease and 10.9% with fibrosis reported being told by a health care provider that they had liver disease. In addition to known risk factors such as metabolic factors and ALT, persons with fatty liver disease were less likely to meet physical activity guidelines, more likely to be sedentary for ≥ 12 h a day, and reported a less healthy diet. Persons with fibrosis were less likely to have a college degree and reported a less healthy diet.

Conclusions: In the U.S. population, most persons with fatty liver disease are unaware of their condition. Physical activity and dietary modifications might reduce the fatty liver disease burden. There is an urgent need for fatty liver disease management in high-risk individuals using transient elastography or other noninvasive methods to intervene in disease progression.

Keywords: Controlled attenuation parameter; Liver stiffness; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Fig. 1

Prevalence of fatty liver disease and fibrosis by sex and race-ethnicity among participants 20 + years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 2017–March 2020 prepandemic data (N = 7923). NH, non-Hispanic

Fig. 2

Prevalence of fatty liver disease and fibrosis among participants 20 + years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 2017–March 2020 prepandemic data (N = 7923). A By lifestyle factors. B By physical activity and sedentary time