. 2022 Dec 1;222(Pt A):972-993.

doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.184. Epub 2022 Sep 26.

Non-uniform aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 intraspecies evolution reopen question of its origin

Sk Sarif Hassan¹, Vaishnavi Kodakandla², Elrashdy M Redwan³, Kenneth Lundstrom⁴, Pabitra Pal Choudhury⁵, Ángel Serrano-Aroca⁶, Gajendra Kumar Azad⁷, Alaa A A Aljabali⁸, Giorgio Palu⁹, Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz¹⁰, Debmalya Barh¹¹, Bruce D Uhal¹², Parise Adadi¹³, Kazuo Takayama¹⁴, Nicolas G Bazan¹⁵, Murtaza Tambuwala¹⁶, Samendra P Sherchan¹⁷, Amos Lal¹⁸, Gaurav Chauhan¹⁹, Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz²⁰, Vladimir N Uversky²¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram, Paschim Medinipur, 721140, West Bengal, India. Electronic address: sksarifhassan@pinglacollege.ac.in.
² Department of Life sciences, Sophia College For Women, University of Mumbai, Bhulabhai Desai Road, Mumbai 400026, India.
³ Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt. Electronic address: lradwan@kau.edu.sa.
⁴ PanTherapeutics, Rte de Lavaux 49, CH1095 Lutry, Switzerland. Electronic address: lundstromkenneth@gmail.com.
⁵ Indian Statistical Institute, Applied Statistics Unit, 203 B T Road, Kolkata 700108, India.
⁶ Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigacion Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Cat'olica de Valencia San Vicente Martir, c/Guillem de Castro, 94, 46001 Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: angel.serrano@ucv.es.
⁷ Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, India. Electronic address: gkazad@patnauniversity.ac.in.
⁸ Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid 566, Jordan. Electronic address: alaaj@yu.edu.jo.
⁹ Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy. Electronic address: giorgio.palu@unipd.it.
¹⁰ Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. Electronic address: mohamedt1@uthscsa.edu.
¹¹ Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, WB, India; Departamento de Geńetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Cíencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
¹² Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
¹³ Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
¹⁴ Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan. Electronic address: kazuo.takayama@cira.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
¹⁵ Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. Electronic address: nbazan@lsuhsc.edu.
¹⁶ School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK. Electronic address: m.tambuwala@ulster.ac.uk.
¹⁷ Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK. Electronic address: sshercha@tulane.edu.
¹⁸ Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
¹⁹ School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. Electronic address: gchauhan@tec.mx.
²⁰ Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Centre for Experimental Surgery, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
²¹ Department of Molecular Medicineand USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia. Electronic address: vuversky@usf.edu.

PMID: 36174872
PMCID: PMC9511875
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.184

Non-uniform aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 intraspecies evolution reopen question of its origin

Sk Sarif Hassan et al. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022.

. 2022 Dec 1;222(Pt A):972-993.

doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.184. Epub 2022 Sep 26.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram, Paschim Medinipur, 721140, West Bengal, India. Electronic address: sksarifhassan@pinglacollege.ac.in.
² Department of Life sciences, Sophia College For Women, University of Mumbai, Bhulabhai Desai Road, Mumbai 400026, India.
³ Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt. Electronic address: lradwan@kau.edu.sa.
⁴ PanTherapeutics, Rte de Lavaux 49, CH1095 Lutry, Switzerland. Electronic address: lundstromkenneth@gmail.com.
⁵ Indian Statistical Institute, Applied Statistics Unit, 203 B T Road, Kolkata 700108, India.
⁶ Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigacion Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Cat'olica de Valencia San Vicente Martir, c/Guillem de Castro, 94, 46001 Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: angel.serrano@ucv.es.
⁷ Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, India. Electronic address: gkazad@patnauniversity.ac.in.
⁸ Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid 566, Jordan. Electronic address: alaaj@yu.edu.jo.
⁹ Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy. Electronic address: giorgio.palu@unipd.it.
¹⁰ Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. Electronic address: mohamedt1@uthscsa.edu.
¹¹ Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, WB, India; Departamento de Geńetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Cíencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
¹² Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
¹³ Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
¹⁴ Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan. Electronic address: kazuo.takayama@cira.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
¹⁵ Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. Electronic address: nbazan@lsuhsc.edu.
¹⁶ School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK. Electronic address: m.tambuwala@ulster.ac.uk.
¹⁷ Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK. Electronic address: sshercha@tulane.edu.
¹⁸ Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
¹⁹ School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. Electronic address: gchauhan@tec.mx.
²⁰ Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Centre for Experimental Surgery, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
²¹ Department of Molecular Medicineand USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia. Electronic address: vuversky@usf.edu.

PMID: 36174872
PMCID: PMC9511875
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.184

Abstract

Several hypotheses have been presented on the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from its identification as the agent causing the current coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. So far, no solid evidence has been found to support any hypothesis on the origin of this virus, and the issue continue to resurface over and over again. Here we have unfolded a pattern of distribution of several mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 proteins in 24 geo-locations across different continents. The results showed an evenly uneven distribution of the unique protein variants, distinct mutations, unique frequency of common conserved residues, and mutational residues across these 24 geo-locations. Furthermore, ample mutations were identified in the evolutionarily conserved invariant regions in the SARS-CoV-2 proteins across almost all geo-locations studied. This pattern of mutations potentially breaches the law of evolutionary conserved functional units of the beta-coronavirus genus. These mutations may lead to several novel SARS-CoV-2 variants with a high degree of transmissibility and virulence. A thorough investigation on the origin and characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 needs to be conducted in the interest of science and for the preparation of meeting the challenges of potential future pandemics.

Keywords: Evenly-uneven; Furin cleavage site (FCS); Invariant regions; Mutations; SARS-CoV-2.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in this work.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Percentage of each SARS-CoV-2 proteins across 24 geo-locations.

**Fig. 2**
Geo-location-wise (A): total number of unique mutations and (B): average number of mutation(s) per unique S sequences.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Cited by

Periodically aperiodic pattern of SARS-CoV-2 mutations underpins the uncertainty of its origin and evolution.
Hassan SS, Basu P, Redwan EM, Lundstrom K, Choudhury PP, Serrano-Aroca Á, Azad GK, Aljabali AAA, Palu G, Abd El-Aziz TM, Barh D, Uhal BD, Adadi P, Takayama K, Bazan NG, Tambuwala MM, Lal A, Chauhan G, Baetas-da-Cruz W, Sherchan SP, Uversky VN. Hassan SS, et al. Environ Res. 2022 Mar;204(Pt B):112092. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112092. Epub 2021 Sep 22. Environ Res. 2022. PMID: 34562480 Free PMC article.

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Non-uniform aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 intraspecies evolution reopen question of its origin

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Non-uniform aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 intraspecies evolution reopen question of its origin

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