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. 2022 Sep 30;22(1):763.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-022-07732-5.

The changing spectrum of microbial aetiology of respiratory tract infections in hospitalized patients before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Sondre Serigstad  1   2   3 , Dagfinn L Markussen  4 , Christian Ritz  5   6 , Marit H Ebbesen  7 , Siri T Knoop  5   7 , Øyvind Kommedal  5   7 , Lars Heggelund  5   8 , Elling Ulvestad  5   7 , Rune O Bjørneklett  4   9 , Harleen M S Grewal  10   11 ; CAPNOR study group
Collaborators, Affiliations

The changing spectrum of microbial aetiology of respiratory tract infections in hospitalized patients before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Sondre Serigstad et al. BMC Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic was met with strict containment measures. We hypothesized that societal infection control measures would impact the number of hospital admissions for respiratory tract infections, as well as, the spectrum of pathogens detected in patients with suspected community acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Methods: This study is based on aggregated surveillance data from electronic health records of patients admitted to the hospitals in Bergen Hospital Trust from January 2017 through June 2021, as well as, two prospective studies of patients with suspected CAP conducted prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic (pre-COVID cohort versus COVID cohort, respectively). In the prospective cohorts, microbiological detections were ascertained by comprehensive PCR-testing in lower respiratory tract specimens. Mann-Whitney's U test was used to analyse continuous variables. Fisher's exact test was used for analysing categorical data. The number of admissions before and during the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 was compared using two-sample t-tests on logarithmic transformed values.

Results: Admissions for respiratory tract infections declined after the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 (p < 0.001). The pre-COVID and the COVID cohorts comprised 96 and 80 patients, respectively. The proportion of viruses detected in the COVID cohort was significantly lower compared with the pre-COVID cohort [21% vs 36%, difference of 14%, 95% CI 4% to 26%; p = 0.012], and the proportion of bacterial- and viral co-detections was less than half in the COVID cohort compared with the pre-COVID cohort (19% vs 45%, difference of 26%, 95% CI 13% to 41%; p < 0.001). The proportion of bacteria detected was similar (p = 0.162), however, a difference in the bacterial spectrum was observed in the two cohorts. Haemophilus influenzae was the most frequent bacterial detection in both cohorts, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the pre-COVID and Staphylococcus aureus in the COVID cohort.

Conclusion: During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of admissions with pneumonia and the microbiological detections in patients with suspected CAP, differed from the preceding year. This suggests that infection control measures related to COVID-19 restrictions have an overall and specific impact on respiratory tract infections, beyond reducing the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords: COVID-19; Community acquired pneumonia; Epidemiology; FilmArray pneumonia panel; Molecular testing; Respiratory tract infections; SARS-CoV-2.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Number of visits to the emergency department. The total number of emergency department visits to the Bergen Hospital Trust per month displayed in blue. The number of patients admitted for acute RTIsa is displayed in red. RTIs respiratory tract infections, ICD International Classification of Diseases. aAcute RTIs or other acute respiratory symptoms defined as ICD-10 primary diagnosis of J00–06, J12–J122, J36 and J44–J46
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Cohort study flowchart. CAP community acquired pneumonia, RTI respiratory tract infection, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. aInclusion before the COVID-19 pandemic (between December 2nd 2019 and February 17th 2020). bInclusion during the COVID-19 pandemic (between September 25th 2020 and May 31st 2021). cPatients were excluded due to other diagnoses, most frequently non-infectious exacerbation of COPD; heart failure; other infection; and pulmonary embolism. di.e. exacerbation of COPD/asthma other lower respiratory tract infections
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Proportion of patients stratified by microbiological detection categories. Proportion of 96 patients included before the COVID-19 pandemic (pre-COVID cohort) and 80 patients included during the COVID-19 pandemic (COVID cohort), stratified by microbiological detection categories. P-values are calculated with Fisher’s exact test. **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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