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Review
. 2022 Sep 21:2022:4022960.
doi: 10.1155/2022/4022960. eCollection 2022.

Genomic and Epigenomic Features of Glioblastoma Multiforme and its Biomarkers

Sarmad Sheraz Jadoon  1 , Umair Ilyas  2 , Hajra Zafar  3 , Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos  4   5 , Saifullah Khan  6 , Saeed Ahmad Khan  7 , Tanzeel Ahmed  8 , Yasir Rasool  9 , Reem Altaf  10 , Faisal Raza  3 , Muhammad Abbas  2
Affiliations
Review

Genomic and Epigenomic Features of Glioblastoma Multiforme and its Biomarkers

Sarmad Sheraz Jadoon et al. J Oncol. .

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme is a serious and life-threatening tumor of central nervous system, characterized by aggressive behavior, poor prognosis, and low survival rate. Despite of the availability of aggressive antitumor therapeutic regimen for glioblastoma (radiotherapy followed by chemotherapeutic dose), recovery rate, and patients' survival ratio is attributed to the lack of selectivity of therapeutic drugs and less advancement in cancer therapeutics over last decade. Moreover, tools employed in conventional diagnosis of glioblastoma are more invasive and painful, making the process excruciating for the patients. These challenges urge for the need of novel biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction purpose with less invasiveness and more patient compliance. This article will explore the genetic biomarkers isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation, MGMT mutations, and EGFR that can be deployed as an analytical tool in diagnosis of disease and prognosis of a therapeutic course. The review also highlights the importance of employing novel microRNAs as prognostic biomarkers. Recent clinical advancements to treat GBM and to prevent relapse of the disease are also discussed in this article in the hope of finding a robust and effective method to treat GBM.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Molecular biomarkers of GBM associated with Verhaak subtype classification of GBM.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Endothelial growth factor receptor and its mutated form.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Location of MGMT gene on chromosome and CpG island in MGMT gene.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Site of mutation in IDH1 gene is R-132 and in IDH2 gene is R-172.
Figure 5
Figure 5
CD44 role in glioblastoma.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Mechanism of CD44 induced tumor progression.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Mapping of Tp53 on chromosome 17p13. Structure and location of chromosomes and the distribution of protein domains on chromosomal site.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Tumor shed their cells (circulating tumor DNA, extracellular vesicles, and circulating tumor DNA) into the blood stream. These markers can be used in liquid biopsy for management of the disease (disease diagnosis, screening, and prognosis).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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