Estimation of Fluoride and Sirtuin1 in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy in Kolar District of Karnataka, India

Abstract

Objective Prevalence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic nephropathy is growing rapidly in Asian countries, affecting low- and middle-income groups. One of the epidemiological issues of Kolar district is fluorosis; advanced glycation end product, carboxymethyl lysine (CML), and a molecule of interest Sirtuin1 are employed in the present study. In the correlation of fluoride with sirtuin1and CML with sirtuin1 of cases lies the important rationale of the study to assess the extent of kidney damage. Materials and Methods This is a comparative cross-sectional study with three groups, each with 70 patients, as follows: G1, control; G2, diabetes with diabetic nephropathy; and G3, type-2 DM without any complications. Informed written consent was obtained from all study patients. All the routine investigations were performed by fully automated Vitro 5, 1 Fs, Vitros. Fasting insulin was analyzed by Vitro eCI and glycated hemoglobin was estimated by BioRad D10. Sirtuin1, CML, and fructosamine were estimated by double antibody sandwich technique. Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 20 (IBM) software. Means of normally distributed data were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and not normally distributed data were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test. A p -value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A decrease in sirtuin1, serum, and urine fluoride of group 2 (34.74 [25.08-53.2], 0.24 [0.2-0.5], and 0.24 [0.16-0.41]) was observed compared with other groups. Increased CML and fluoride act as prooxidant, restricting the effect of sirtuin1 on cellular damage, causing further complications such as increased insulin resistance and decreased insulin sensitivity. Conclusion The alterations in serum sirtuin1 levels indicate the severity of damage due to stress during hyperglycemia and fluoride toxicity; hence, sirtuin1 can be considered as biomarker of aging. Subsequently, the correlation of CML, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and fluoride with sirtuin1 indicates that increasing sirtuin1 may defend the forthcoming damage and could be considered in therapeutics.

Keywords: carboxymethyl lysine; fluoride; sirtuin1; therapeutics; type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Fig. 1

Correlation of serum and urine fluoride with eGFR in group 1 (healthy controls). G1SF, group 1 serum fluoride; G1UF, group 1 urine fluoride; G1eGFR, group 1 estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Fig. 2

Correlation of serum and urine fluoride with eGFR in group 2 (diabetic nephropathy). G2SF, group 2 serum fluoride; G2UF, group 2 urine fluoride; G2eGFR, group 2 estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Fig. 3

Correlation of serum and urine fluoride with eGFR in group 3 (type-2 DM). DM, diabetes mellitus; G3SF, group 3 serum fluoride; G3UF, group 3 urine fluoride; G3eGFR, group 3 estimated glomerular filtration rate.