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. 2022 Sep 16;7(38):34022-34033.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03266. eCollection 2022 Sep 27.

Effects of Mangosteen Peel Phenolic Compounds on Tilapia Skin Collagen-Based Mineralized Scaffold Properties

Eduardo P Milan  1   2 , Mirella R V Bertolo  3 , Virginia C A Martins  3 , César Enrique Sobrero  4 , Ana M G Plepis  1   3 , Thomas Fuhrmann-Lieker  2 , Marilia M Horn  2
Affiliations

Effects of Mangosteen Peel Phenolic Compounds on Tilapia Skin Collagen-Based Mineralized Scaffold Properties

Eduardo P Milan et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

A proper valorization of biological waste sources for an effective conversion into composites for tissue engineering is discussed in this study. Hence, the collagen and the phenolic compound applied in this investigation were extracted from waste sources, respectively, fish industry rejects and the peels of the mangosteen fruit. Porous scaffolds were prepared by combining both components at different compositions and mineralized at different temperatures to evaluate the modifications in the biomimetic formation of apatite. The inclusion of mangosteen extract showed the advantage of increasing the collagen denaturation temperature, improving the stability of its triple helix. Moreover, the extract provided antioxidant activity due to its phenolic composition, as confirmed by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant assays. Mineralization was successfully achieved as indicated by thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy. A higher temperature and a lower extract concentration reduced the calcium phosphate deposits. The extract also affected the pore size, particularly at a lower concentration. The X-ray diffraction pattern identified a low degree of crystallization. A high mineralization temperature induced the formation of smaller crystallites ranging from 18.9 to 25.4 nm. Although the deposited hydroxyapatite showed low crystallinity, the scaffolds are suitable for bone tissue applications and may be effective in controlling the resorbability rate in tissue regeneration.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
FTIR spectra for (a) COL_25; (b) COL_37; (c) CM10_25; (d) CM10_37; (e) CM30_25; and (f) CM30_37.
Figure 2
Figure 2
DSC curves of the scaffolds: (a) COL, (b) CM10, and (c) CM30.
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM surface images of the scaffolds: (A) COL, (B) CM10, and (C) CM30.
Figure 4
Figure 4
SEM surface images of the scaffolds mineralized at 25 °C: (A) COL_25, (B) CM10_25, and (C) CM30_25. Image D emphasizes the EDX result for the CM30_25 scaffold.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Pore size distribution for scaffolds: (A) nonmineralized, (B) mineralized at 25 °C, and (C) mineralized at 37 °C.
Figure 6
Figure 6
X-ray diffraction patterns of mineralized scaffolds: (a) COL_25, (b) CM10_25, (c) CM30_25, (d) COL_37, (e) CM10_37, and (f) CM30_37.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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