Life factors acting on systemic lupus erythematosus

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a highly heterogeneous autoimmune disease that primarily affects women. Currently, in the search for the mechanisms of SLE pathogenesis, the association of lifestyle factors such as diet, cigarette smoking, ultraviolet radiation exposure, alcohol and caffeine-rich beverage consumption with SLE susceptibility has been systematically investigated. The cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating lifestyle effects on SLE occurrence, including interactions between genetic risk loci and environment, epigenetic changes, immune dysfunction, hyper-inflammatory response, and cytotoxicity, have been proposed. In the present review of the reports published in reputable peer-reviewed journals and government websites, we consider the current knowledge about the relationships between lifestyle factors and SLE incidence and outline directions of future research in this area. Formulation of practical measures with regard to the lifestyle in the future will benefit SLE patients and may provide potential therapy strategies.

Keywords: alcohol; diet; lifestyle; smoking; systemic lupus erythematosus; ultraviolet radiation.

Figure 1

Mechanisms of diet effects on SLE incidence and manifestations. (PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; NF, nuclear factor).

Figure 2

Mechanisms of other lifestyle factors effects on SLE incidence and manifestations. (UVR, ultraviolet radiation; NAT, N-acetyltransferase; IFN, interferon; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; HMG, high-mobility group protein).