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Review
. 2022 Sep 13;17(1):66.
doi: 10.5334/gh.1133. eCollection 2022.

Clinical Cardiology in South East Asia: Indonesian Lessons from the Present towards Improvement

Andriany Qanitha  1   2   3   4 , Nurul Qalby  5 , Muzakkir Amir  1 , Cuno S P M Uiterwaal  6 , Jose P S Henriques  7 , Bastianus A J M de Mol  2 , Idar Mappangara  1
Affiliations
Review

Clinical Cardiology in South East Asia: Indonesian Lessons from the Present towards Improvement

Andriany Qanitha et al. Glob Heart. .

Abstract

Although cardiovascular care has improved in the last decade in the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in South-East Asia Region; these countries, particularly Indonesia, are still encountering a number of challenges in providing standardized healthcare systems. This article aimed to highlight the current state of cardiology practices in primary and secondary care, including the novel cardiovascular risk factors, recommendations for improving the quality of care, and future directions of cardiovascular research in limited settings in South-East Asia. We also provided the most recent evidence by addressing our latest findings on cardiovascular research in Indonesia, a region where infrastructure, human, and financial resources are largely limited. Improving healthcare policies to reduce a nations' exposure to CVD risk factors, providing affordable and accessible cardiovascular care both at primary and secondary levels, and increasing capacity building for clinical research should be warranted in the LMICs in South-East Asia.

Keywords: Cardiovascular services; Clinical cardiology practice; Low- and Middle- income countries; Quality of care; South-East Asia.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Figures

Indonesia in South-East Asia Region (SEAR), with cardiac centers across the archipelago
Image 1
Indonesia in South-East Asia Region (SEAR), with cardiac centers across the archipelago.
Distribution of cardiologists in Indonesia
Image 2
Distribution of cardiologists in Indonesia.
Routine healthcare services and implementation of tele-ECG program in a primary care center (Puskesmas) in Indonesia
Image 3
Routine healthcare services and implementation of tele-ECG program in a primary care center (Puskesmas) in Indonesia.
Primary care nurse performing patient follow-up (for cohort research) through home visit
Image 4
Primary care nurse performing patient follow-up (for cohort research) through home visit.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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