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. 2022 Oct 6;17(10):e0263851.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263851. eCollection 2022.

Development of postbiotics by bioconverting whey using Lactobacillus plantarum SMFM2017-YK1 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum SMFM2017-NK1 to alleviate periodontitis

Yuna Choi  1 , Eunyoung Park  1 , Yohan Yoon  1   2 , Jimyeong Ha  2
Affiliations

Development of postbiotics by bioconverting whey using Lactobacillus plantarum SMFM2017-YK1 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum SMFM2017-NK1 to alleviate periodontitis

Yuna Choi et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of whey bioconversion products (WBPs) produced by lactic acid bacteria on periodontal disease. WBPs were prepared by fermenting whey with seven lactic acid bacteria, Limosilactobacillus fermentum SMFM2017-CK1 (LF-CK1), L. plantarum SMFM2017-NK2 (LP-NK2), Pediococcus pentosaceus SMFM2017-NK1 (PP-NK1), L. plantarum SMFM2017-NK1 (LP-NK1), L. paraplantarum SMFM2017-YK1 (LPP-YK1), L. plantarum SMFM2017-YK1 (LP-YK1), and L. fermentum SMFM2017-NK1 (LF-NK1)]; the pH of the fermented whey was adjusted to 6.5, followed by centrifugation. WBPs were examined for their effect on cell viability and antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens. The selected WBPs were used in animal experiments. After inducing periodontitis through right mandibular first molar ligation, WBPs were administered orally for 8 weeks. After sacrifice, gene and protein expression analyses of genes related to inflammatory and oxidative stress were performed, and histopathological analysis of gingival tissue was conducted. Our results showed that LP-YK1 WBP (WBP produced by LP-YK1) and LF-NK1 WBP (WBP produced by LF-NK1) groups exerted higher anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Histopathological analysis revealed that infiltration of inflammatory cells and epithelial cell proliferation were reduced in the LP-YK1 WBP group. These results indicate that WBPs prepared with LP-YK1 can be used as a postbiotic to alleviate periodontitis.

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Conflict of interest statement

NO authors have competing interests.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Viability of HT-29 cells treated with whey bioconversion products (WBPs) (OD540).
LF-CK1 WBP: WBP prepared with L. fermentum SMFM2017-CK1, LP-NK2 WBP: WBP prepared with L. plantarum SMFM2017-NK2, PP-NK1 WBP: WBP prepared with P. pentosaceus SMFM2017-NK1, LP-NK1 WBP: WBP prepared with L. plantarum SMFM2017-NK1, LPP-YK1 WBP: WBP prepared with L. paraplantarum SMFM2017-YK1, LP-YK1 WBP: WBP prepared with L, plantarum SMFM2017-YK1, LF-NK1 WBP: WBP prepared with L. fermentum SMFM2017-NK1.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Relative expression of inflammatory cytokines in gingival tissue after treatment with fermented whey bioconversion products (WBPs) for 8 weeks.
(a) TNF-α (b) IL-1β (c) IL-6 (d) IL-10. Normal; Administration of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without inducing periodontitis, Control; Administration of PBS after inducing periodontitis, LP-YK1 WBP; Administration of WBPs by L. plantarum SMFM2017-YK1 after inducing periodontitis, LF-NK1 WBP; Administration of WBPs by L. fermentum SMFM2017-NK1 after inducing periodontitis. *Statistically significant, compared to control group by pairwise Student’s t-test (p < 0.05).
Fig 3
Fig 3. Analysis of protein levels of inflammatory cytokines in gingival tissue after treatment with fermented whey bioconversion products (WBPs) for 8 weeks.
(a) TNF-α (b) IL-6. Normal: Administration of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without inducing periodontitis, Control: Administration of PBS after inducing periodontitis, LP-YK1 WBP: Administration of WBPs by L. plantarum SMFM2017-YK1 after inducing periodontitis, LF-NK1 WBP: Administration of WBPs by L. fermentum SMFM2017-NK1 after inducing periodontitis. *Statistically significant, compared to control group by pairwise Student’s t-test (p < 0.05).
Fig 4
Fig 4. Relative expression of oxidative stress cytokines in gingival tissue after treatment of fermented whey bioconversion products (WBPs) for 8 weeks.
(a) Gpx1 (b) Sod1 (c) Cat. Normal: Administration of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without inducing periodontitis, Control: Administration of PBS after inducing periodontitis, LP-YK1 WBP: Administration of whey bioconversion product by L. plantarum SMFM2017-YK1 after inducing periodontitis, LF-NK1 WBP: Administration of whey bioconversion product by L. fermentum SMFM2017-NK1 after inducing periodontitis. *Statistically significant, compared to control group by pairwise Student’s t-test (p < 0.05).
Fig 5
Fig 5. Histopathologic analysis of mandibular first molar tooth regions from rats administered with whey bioconversion products (WBPs) and their effects on periodontitis.
LP-YK1 WBP: Administration of WBPs produced by L. plantarum SMFM2017-YK1 after inducing periodontitis, LF-NK1 WBP: Administration of WBPs by L. fermentum SMFM2017-NK1 after inducing periodontitis. Arrow: inflammatory cell infiltration, Head of arrow: epidermal hyperplasia.
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