Meta-Analysis

. 2022 Oct 25;328(16):1604-1615.

doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.18931.

Estimated Global Proportions of Individuals With Persistent Fatigue, Cognitive, and Respiratory Symptom Clusters Following Symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021

Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators; Sarah Wulf Hanson¹, Cristiana Abbafati², Joachim G Aerts³, Ziyad Al-Aly^{4

5}, Charlie Ashbaugh¹, Tala Ballouz⁶, Oleg Blyuss^{7

8}, Polina Bobkova⁹, Gouke Bonsel¹⁰, Svetlana Borzakova^{11

12}, Danilo Buonsenso^{13

14}, Denis Butnaru¹⁵, Austin Carter¹, Helen Chu¹⁶, Cristina De Rose¹³, Mohamed Mustafa Diab^{17

18}, Emil Ekbom¹⁹, Maha El Tantawi²⁰, Victor Fomin²¹, Robert Frithiof²², Aysylu Gamirova²³, Petr V Glybochko²⁴, Juanita A Haagsma²⁵, Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard²⁶, Erin B Hamilton¹, Gabrielle Harris²⁷, Majanka H Heijenbrok-Kal^{28

29}, Raimund Helbok³⁰, Merel E Hellemons³, David Hillus³¹, Susanne M Huijts³², Michael Hultström^{22

33}, Waasila Jassat³⁴, Florian Kurth^{35

36}, Ing-Marie Larsson²², Miklós Lipcsey²², Chelsea Liu³⁷, Callan D Loflin²⁷, Andrei Malinovschi³⁸, Wenhui Mao^{17

39}, Lyudmila Mazankova⁴⁰, Denise McCulloch¹⁶, Dominik Menges⁶, Noushin Mohammadifard⁴¹, Daniel Munblit^{8

42}, Nikita A Nekliudov²³, Osondu Ogbuoji³⁹, Ismail M Osmanov^{11

43}, José L Peñalvo^{44

45}, Maria Skaalum Petersen^{46

47}, Milo A Puhan^{6

48}, Mujibur Rahman⁴⁹, Verena Rass³⁰, Nickolas Reinig¹, Gerard M Ribbers²⁸, Antonia Ricchiuto⁵⁰, Sten Rubertsson^{22

51}, Elmira Samitova^{40

43}, Nizal Sarrafzadegan^{41

52}, Anastasia Shikhaleva⁹, Kyle E Simpson¹, Dario Sinatti¹³, Joan B Soriano^{53

54}, Ekaterina Spiridonova²³, Fridolin Steinbeis³¹, Andrey A Svistunov²⁴, Piero Valentini¹³, Brittney J van de Water^{55

56}, Rita van den Berg-Emons²⁸, Ewa Wallin²², Martin Witzenrath^{35

57}, Yifan Wu¹, Hanzhang Xu⁵⁸, Thomas Zoller³¹, Christopher Adolph^{59

60}, James Albright¹, Joanne O Amlag¹, Aleksandr Y Aravkin^{1

61

62}, Bree L Bang-Jensen¹, Catherine Bisignano¹, Rachel Castellano¹, Emma Castro¹, Suman Chakrabarti^{1

63}, James K Collins¹, Xiaochen Dai^{1

62}, Farah Daoud¹, Carolyn Dapper¹, Amanda Deen¹, Bruce B Duncan⁶⁴, Megan Erickson¹, Samuel B Ewald¹, Alize J Ferrari^{1

65}, Abraham D Flaxman^{1

62}, Nancy Fullman¹, Amiran Gamkrelidze⁶⁶, John R Giles¹, Gaorui Guo¹, Simon I Hay^{1

62}, Jiawei He¹, Monika Helak¹, Erin N Hulland^{1

63}, Maia Kereselidze⁶⁶, Kris J Krohn¹, Alice Lazzar-Atwood¹, Akiaja Lindstrom^{65

67}, Rafael Lozano^{1

62}, Deborah Carvalho Malta⁶⁸, Johan Månsson¹, Ana M Mantilla Herrera^{65

69}, Ali H Mokdad^{1

62}, Lorenzo Monasta⁷⁰, Shuhei Nomura^{71

72}, Maja Pasovic¹, David M Pigott^{1

62}, Robert C Reiner Jr^{1

62}, Grace Reinke¹, Antonio Luiz P Ribeiro^{73

74}, Damian Francesco Santomauro^{1

65

75}, Aleksei Sholokhov¹, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock^{1

76}, Rebecca Walcott⁷⁷, Ally Walker¹, Charles Shey Wiysonge^{78

79}, Peng Zheng^{1

62}, Janet Prvu Bettger⁸⁰, Christopher J L Murray^{1

62}, Theo Vos^{1

62}

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
² Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
³ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁴ John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
⁵ Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, Missouri.
⁶ Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁷ Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, England.
⁸ Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
⁹ Clinical Medicine (Pediatric Profile), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
¹⁰ EuroQol Research Foundation, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
¹¹ Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow.
¹² Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia.
¹³ Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
¹⁴ Global Health Research Institute, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
¹⁵ I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
¹⁶ Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
¹⁷ Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
¹⁸ Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
¹⁹ Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
²⁰ Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
²¹ Rector's Office, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
²² Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology, and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
²³ Clinical Medicine (General Medicine Profile), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
²⁴ Administration Department, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
²⁵ Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
²⁶ Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
²⁷ School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
²⁸ Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
²⁹ Neurorehabilitation, Rijndam Rehabilitation, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
³⁰ Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
³¹ Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
³² Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
³³ Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
³⁴ Department of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.
³⁵ Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Clinical Research and Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
³⁸ Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
³⁹ Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
⁴⁰ Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow.
⁴¹ Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
⁴² National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England.
⁴³ ZA Bashlyaeva Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia.
⁴⁴ Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
⁴⁵ Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁴⁶ Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, Faroese Hospital System, Torshavn, Faroe Islands.
⁴⁷ Centre of Health Science, University of Faroe Islands, Torshavn.
⁴⁸ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
⁴⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁵⁰ Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
⁵¹ Department of Surgical Sciences, Hedenstierna Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
⁵² School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
⁵³ Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁴ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network), Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁵ Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁵⁶ Nursing and Midwifery Department, Seed Global Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁵⁷ German Center for Lung Research, Berlin.
⁵⁸ Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
⁵⁹ Department of Political Science, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁶⁰ Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁶¹ Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁶² Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁶³ Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁶⁴ Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁶⁵ School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
⁶⁶ National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁶⁷ School of Public Health, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia.
⁶⁸ Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁶⁹ West Moreton Hospital Health Services, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia.
⁷⁰ Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.
⁷¹ Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷² Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷³ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁷⁴ Centre of Telehealth, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁷⁵ Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia.
⁷⁶ Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
⁷⁷ Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁷⁸ Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town.
⁷⁹ HIV and Other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban.
⁸⁰ Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.

PMID: 36215063
PMCID: PMC9552043
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.18931

Meta-Analysis

Estimated Global Proportions of Individuals With Persistent Fatigue, Cognitive, and Respiratory Symptom Clusters Following Symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021

Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators et al. JAMA. 2022.

. 2022 Oct 25;328(16):1604-1615.

doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.18931.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
² Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
³ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁴ John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
⁵ Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, Missouri.
⁶ Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁷ Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, England.
⁸ Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
⁹ Clinical Medicine (Pediatric Profile), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
¹⁰ EuroQol Research Foundation, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
¹¹ Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow.
¹² Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia.
¹³ Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
¹⁴ Global Health Research Institute, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
¹⁵ I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
¹⁶ Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
¹⁷ Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
¹⁸ Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
¹⁹ Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
²⁰ Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
²¹ Rector's Office, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
²² Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology, and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
²³ Clinical Medicine (General Medicine Profile), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
²⁴ Administration Department, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
²⁵ Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
²⁶ Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
²⁷ School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
²⁸ Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
²⁹ Neurorehabilitation, Rijndam Rehabilitation, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
³⁰ Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
³¹ Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
³² Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
³³ Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
³⁴ Department of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.
³⁵ Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Clinical Research and Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
³⁸ Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
³⁹ Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
⁴⁰ Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow.
⁴¹ Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
⁴² National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England.
⁴³ ZA Bashlyaeva Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia.
⁴⁴ Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
⁴⁵ Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁴⁶ Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, Faroese Hospital System, Torshavn, Faroe Islands.
⁴⁷ Centre of Health Science, University of Faroe Islands, Torshavn.
⁴⁸ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
⁴⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁵⁰ Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
⁵¹ Department of Surgical Sciences, Hedenstierna Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
⁵² School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
⁵³ Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁴ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network), Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁵ Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁵⁶ Nursing and Midwifery Department, Seed Global Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁵⁷ German Center for Lung Research, Berlin.
⁵⁸ Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
⁵⁹ Department of Political Science, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁶⁰ Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁶¹ Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁶² Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁶³ Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁶⁴ Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁶⁵ School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
⁶⁶ National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁶⁷ School of Public Health, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia.
⁶⁸ Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁶⁹ West Moreton Hospital Health Services, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia.
⁷⁰ Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.
⁷¹ Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷² Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷³ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁷⁴ Centre of Telehealth, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁷⁵ Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia.
⁷⁶ Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
⁷⁷ Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁷⁸ Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town.
⁷⁹ HIV and Other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban.
⁸⁰ Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.

PMID: 36215063
PMCID: PMC9552043
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.18931

Abstract

Importance: Some individuals experience persistent symptoms after initial symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection (often referred to as Long COVID).

Objective: To estimate the proportion of males and females with COVID-19, younger or older than 20 years of age, who had Long COVID symptoms in 2020 and 2021 and their Long COVID symptom duration.

Design, setting, and participants: Bayesian meta-regression and pooling of 54 studies and 2 medical record databases with data for 1.2 million individuals (from 22 countries) who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of the 54 studies, 44 were published and 10 were collaborating cohorts (conducted in Austria, the Faroe Islands, Germany, Iran, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US). The participant data were derived from the 44 published studies (10 501 hospitalized individuals and 42 891 nonhospitalized individuals), the 10 collaborating cohort studies (10 526 and 1906), and the 2 US electronic medical record databases (250 928 and 846 046). Data collection spanned March 2020 to January 2022.

Exposures: Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Main outcomes and measures: Proportion of individuals with at least 1 of the 3 self-reported Long COVID symptom clusters (persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings; cognitive problems; or ongoing respiratory problems) 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020 and 2021, estimated separately for hospitalized and nonhospitalized individuals aged 20 years or older by sex and for both sexes of nonhospitalized individuals younger than 20 years of age.

Results: A total of 1.2 million individuals who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection were included (mean age, 4-66 years; males, 26%-88%). In the modeled estimates, 6.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 2.4%-13.3%) of individuals who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced at least 1 of the 3 Long COVID symptom clusters in 2020 and 2021, including 3.2% (95% UI, 0.6%-10.0%) for persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings, 3.7% (95% UI, 0.9%-9.6%) for ongoing respiratory problems, and 2.2% (95% UI, 0.3%-7.6%) for cognitive problems after adjusting for health status before COVID-19, comprising an estimated 51.0% (95% UI, 16.9%-92.4%), 60.4% (95% UI, 18.9%-89.1%), and 35.4% (95% UI, 9.4%-75.1%), respectively, of Long COVID cases. The Long COVID symptom clusters were more common in women aged 20 years or older (10.6% [95% UI, 4.3%-22.2%]) 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection than in men aged 20 years or older (5.4% [95% UI, 2.2%-11.7%]). Both sexes younger than 20 years of age were estimated to be affected in 2.8% (95% UI, 0.9%-7.0%) of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. The estimated mean Long COVID symptom cluster duration was 9.0 months (95% UI, 7.0-12.0 months) among hospitalized individuals and 4.0 months (95% UI, 3.6-4.6 months) among nonhospitalized individuals. Among individuals with Long COVID symptoms 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, an estimated 15.1% (95% UI, 10.3%-21.1%) continued to experience symptoms at 12 months.

Conclusions and relevance: This study presents modeled estimates of the proportion of individuals with at least 1 of 3 self-reported Long COVID symptom clusters (persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings; cognitive problems; or ongoing respiratory problems) 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Drs Bobkova, Munblit, and Svistunov and Mss Gamirova, Shikhaleva, and Spiridonova reported receiving grants and contracts paid to Sechenov University from the British Embassy in Moscow for the StopCOVID Cohort: Clinical Characterisation of Russian Patients 2020-2021. Dr Haagsma reported receiving grants from the EuroQol Foundation. Dr Lipcsey reported receiving grants from and having contracts with Hjärt-Lungfonden (Swedish Heart Lung Foundation) and being a member of data and safety monitoring boards for the PROFLO and COVID-19 Hyperbaric Oxygen randomized clinical trials. Dr Munblit reported receiving grants paid to Sechenov University from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the UK Research and Innovation/National Institute for Health Research; receiving personal fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme and Bayer; and having unpaid leadership positions as co-chair of the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium Global Pediatric Long COVID Working Group and co-lead of the PC-COS (Post-COVID Condition Core Outcomes) Project. Dr Petersen reported being on the board of the Faroese National Data Protection Authority and receiving equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts, or other services from Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co Ltd. Dr Puhan reported receiving support from the University of Zurich Foundation and the Department of Health, Canton of Zurich. Dr Flaxman reported having stock options in Agathos Ltd and receiving personal fees from Janssen, Swiss Re, Merck for Mothers, and Sanofi. Ms Fullman reported receiving personal fees from the World Health Organization and receiving funding from Gates Ventures. No other disclosures were reported.

Figures

**Figure 1.. Analytical Flowchart of Estimation Process for Long COVID Symptom Clusters**
ICU indicates intensive care unit. The 3 Long COVID symptom clusters were persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings; cognitive problems; or ongoing respiratory problems and were self-reported 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020 and 2021.

**Figure 2.. Proportion of Individuals Who Survived Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Who Experienced at Least 1 of the 3 Long COVID Symptom Clusters in 2020 and 2021**
The proportion estimates with the 95% uncertainty intervals appear in eTables 14-15 in Supplement 1.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

A global systematic analysis of the occurrence, severity, and recovery pattern of long COVID in 2020 and 2021.
Hanson SW, Abbafati C, Aerts JG, Al-Aly Z, Ashbaugh C, Ballouz T, Blyuss O, Bobkova P, Bonsel G, Borzakova S, Buonsenso D, Butnaru D, Carter A, Chu H, De Rose C, Diab MM, Ekbom E, El Tantawi M, Fomin V, Frithiof R, Gamirova A, Glybochko PV, Haagsma JA, Javanmard SH, Hamilton EB, Harris G, Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Helbok R, Hellemons ME, Hillus D, Huijts SM, Hultström M, Jassat W, Kurth F, Larsson IM, Lipcsey M, Liu C, Loflin CD, Malinovschi A, Mao W, Mazankova L, McCulloch D, Menges D, Mohammadifard N, Munblit D, Nekliudov NA, Ogbuoji O, Osmanov IM, Peñalvo JL, Petersen MS, Puhan MA, Rahman M, Rass V, Reinig N, Ribbers GM, Ricchiuto A, Rubertsson S, Samitova E, Sarrafzadegan N, Shikhaleva A, Simpson KE, Sinatti D, Soriano JB, Spiridonova E, Steinbeis F, Svistunov AA, Valentini P, van de Water BJ, van den Berg-Emons R, Wallin E, Witzenrath M, Wu Y, Xu H, Zoller T, Adolph C, Albright J, Amlag JO, Aravkin AY, Bang-Jensen BL, Bisignano C, Castellano R, Castro E, Chakrabarti S, Collins JK, Dai X, Daoud F, Dapper C, Deen A, Duncan BB, Erickson M, Ewald SB, Ferrari AJ, Flaxman AD, Fullman N, Gamkrelidze A, Giles JR, Guo G, Hay SI, He J, Helak M, Hulland EN, Kereselidze M, Krohn KJ, Lazzar-Atwo… See abstract for full author list ➔ Hanson SW, et al. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2022 May 27:2022.05.26.22275532. doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.22275532. medRxiv. 2022. Update in: JAMA. 2022 Oct 25;328(16):1604-1615. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.18931. PMID: 35664995 Free PMC article. Updated. Preprint.

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Estimated Global Proportions of Individuals With Persistent Fatigue, Cognitive, and Respiratory Symptom Clusters Following Symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021

Affiliations

Estimated Global Proportions of Individuals With Persistent Fatigue, Cognitive, and Respiratory Symptom Clusters Following Symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Update of

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Medical

Miscellaneous