Kidney support for babies: building a comprehensive and integrated neonatal kidney support therapy program

Abstract

Kidney support therapy (KST), previously referred to as Renal Replacement Therapy, is utilized to treat children and adults with severe acute kidney injury (AKI), fluid overload, inborn errors of metabolism, and kidney failure. Several forms of KST are available including peritoneal dialysis (PD), intermittent hemodialysis (iHD), and continuous kidney support therapy (CKST). Traditionally, extracorporeal KST (CKST and iHD) in neonates has had unique challenges related to small patient size, lack of neonatal-specific devices, and risk of hemodynamic instability due to large extracorporeal circuit volume relative to patient total blood volume. Thus, PD has been the most commonly used modality in infants, followed by CKST and iHD. In recent years, CKST machines designed for small children and novel filters with smaller extracorporeal circuit volumes have emerged and are being used in many centers to provide neonatal KST for toxin removal and to achieve fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, increasing the options available for this unique and vulnerable group. These new treatment options create a dramatic paradigm shift with recalibration of the benefit: risk equation. Renewed focus on the infrastructure required to deliver neonatal KST safely and effectively is essential, especially in programs/units that do not traditionally provide KST to neonates. Building and implementing a neonatal KST program requires an expert multidisciplinary team with strong institutional support. In this review, we first describe the available neonatal KST modalities including newer neonatal and infant-specific platforms. Then, we describe the steps needed to develop and sustain a neonatal KST team, including recommendations for provider and nursing staff training. Finally, we describe how quality improvement initiatives can be integrated into programs.

Keywords: Acute kidney injury; Acute renal failure; CKRT; Dialysis; Neonatal kidney support therapy; Renal replacement therapy.