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. 2022 Sep 28;19(19):12305.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph191912305.

Assessment of Pharmaceutical Services for Smoking Cessation: An Effectiveness-Implementation Hybrid Study

Maria Eduarda Pinheiro Laborne-E-Valle  1 , Ana Emília de Oliveira Ahouagi  2 , Debora Gontijo Braga  2 , Isabela Vaz Leite Pinto  2 , Célio Rezende Lara-Júnior  1   2 , Sabrina Gonçalves Ferreira  1 , Paula de Fátima Fernandes Blunk  1 , Adriano Max Moreira Reis  3 , Edna Afonso Reis  4 , Djenane Ramalho-de-Oliveira  1 , Mariana Martins Gonzaga do Nascimento  1   3
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Assessment of Pharmaceutical Services for Smoking Cessation: An Effectiveness-Implementation Hybrid Study

Maria Eduarda Pinheiro Laborne-E-Valle et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Smoking is the main preventable cause of illness and early death worldwide. Thus, it is better to promote smoking cessation than to treat tobacco-related diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the implementation and effectiveness of smoking cessation pharmaceutical services offered in primary health care (PHC) in a large Brazilian city through a type 1 effectiveness-implementation hybrid study. The services were offered through individual or group approaches (Jan/2018-Dec/2019). The service indicators were described and the incidence of cessation in the services was evaluated. Factors associated with cessation were assessed by Poisson regression analysis. The services were offered in most PHC centers (61.2%) and by most pharmacists (81.3%). In total, 170 individual (9.7%) and 1591 group (90.3%) approaches occurred, leading to cessation in 39.4% (n = 67) and 44.8% (n = 712) of these, respectively. The use of nicotine plus antidepressants (RR = 1.30; 95%CI = 1.08-1.57; p = 0.006) and the number of sessions with pharmacists (RR = 1.21; 95%CI = 1.19-1.23; p < 0.001) were positively associated with cessation; a very high level of dependence was negatively associated (RR = 0.77; 95%CI = 0.67-0.89; p = 0.001). The smoking cessation services were effective and should be encouraged.

Keywords: implementation science; pharmaceutical services; primary health care; smoking; smoking cessation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Incidence of smoking cessation in the pharmaceutical service with individual approaches. 2018–2019. Belo Horizonte—MG. Brazil.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Incidence of smoking cessation in the pharmaceutical service with group approaches. 2018–2019. Belo Horizonte—MG. Brazil.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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