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Review
. 2022 Sep 29;19(19):12426.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph191912426.

Study on the Development of a Conceptual Framework to Identify the Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy among Diabetic Patients: A Concept Paper

Nurul Athirah Naserrudin  1   2 , Mohammad Saffree Jeffree  3 , Nirmal Kaur  2 , Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim  3 , Mohd Yusof Ibrahim  3
Affiliations
Review

Study on the Development of a Conceptual Framework to Identify the Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy among Diabetic Patients: A Concept Paper

Nurul Athirah Naserrudin et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

The most common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) is diabetic retinopathy (DR). The control of DR risk factors is essential for the effective prevention of DR. There is currently a lack of research to guide DR-related research in Malaysia. This concept paper aimed to review published studies and propose a conceptual framework (CF) as a guide for future research to determine the prevalence of DR and its risk factors across DM patients. After a review of prior research, this study has presented a CF that takes into account these four key elements: the patient's sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, complications, and diabetes conditions, namely, the length of the disease and glycaemic control. In the suggested CF, ethnicity was highlighted as a crucial risk factor for DR across lower- to middle-income countries (LMIC) and multiracial countries. In order to guide future studies, scientific guidance is essential. The proposed CF would help future research to conduct scientific research related to DR. Also, the proposed CF was tailored to suit research across LMIC and multiracial countries.

Keywords: Sabah; diabetes mellitus; diabetic retinopathy; risk factors.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Suggested conceptual framework.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Suggested study to determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and identify risk factors associated with DR among type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients across primary health clinics in Sabah, Malaysia.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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