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. 2022 Oct 6;15(19):6925.
doi: 10.3390/ma15196925.

Evaluation of the Cathodic Electrodeposition Effectiveness of the Hydroxyapatite Layer Used in Surface Modification of Ti6Al4V-Based Biomaterials

Michalina Ehlert  1   2 , Aleksandra Radtke  1   2 , Michał Bartmański  3 , Piotr Piszczek  1   2
Affiliations

Evaluation of the Cathodic Electrodeposition Effectiveness of the Hydroxyapatite Layer Used in Surface Modification of Ti6Al4V-Based Biomaterials

Michalina Ehlert et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

The important issue associated with the design and the fabrication of the titanium and titanium alloy implants is the increase of their biointegration with bone tissue. In the presented paper, the research results concerning the conditions used in the cathodic deposition of hydroxyapatite on the surface Ti6Al4V substrates primarily modified by the production of TiO2 nanoporous coatings, TiO2 nanofibers, and titanate coatings, are discussed. Despite excellent biocompatibility with natural bone tissue of materials based on hydroxyapatite (HA), their poor adhesion to the substrate caused the limited use in the implants' construction. In our works, we have focused on the comparison of the structure, physicochemical, and mechanical properties of coating systems produced at different conditions. For this purpose, scanning electron microscopy images, chemical composition, X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectroscopy, wettability, and mechanical properties are analyzed. Our investigations proved that the intermediate titanium oxide coatings presence significantly increases the adhesion between the hydroxyapatite layer and the Ti6Al4V substrate, thus solving the temporary delamination problems of the HA layer.

Keywords: Ti6Al4V alloy; cathodic electrodeposition; hydroxyapatite; nanomechanical properties; surface modification.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scheme of hydroxyapatite coatings fabricated by electrodeposition.
Figure 2
Figure 2
SEM images of T, T-S, T5, T5-S, TNF6C, TNF6S, TNF72a, and TNF72b surface sample morphologies.
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM images of the surface morphology of the T/HA (a), T-S/HA (b), T5/HA (c), T5-S/HA (d), TNF6C/HA (e), TNF6S/HA (f), TNF72a/HA (g), and TNF72b/HA (h) samples obtained at various currents (1.5, 2.5, 3.5 mA).
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM images of the surface morphology of the T/HA (a), T-S/HA (b), T5/HA (c), T5-S/HA (d), TNF6C/HA (e), TNF6S/HA (f), TNF72a/HA (g), and TNF72b/HA (h) samples obtained at various currents (1.5, 2.5, 3.5 mA).
Figure 4
Figure 4
X-ray diffraction patterns of T/HA (a), T-S/HA (b), T5/HA (c), T5-S/HA (d), TNF6C/HA (e), TNF6S/HA (f), TNF72a/HA (g), and TNF72b/HA (h) samples at various currents (1.5 mA; 2.5 mA; 3.5 mA). (hkl) for HA are marked by grey colour. (hkl) for CaTiO3 are marked in violet. S is assigned to the sodium titanate. Ti is assigned to the Ti6Al4V substrate (TiO2 anatase phase (A) and rutile phase (R)).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Nanomechanical properties of studied T/HA ((a) for hardness and (a’) for Young’s modulus), T-S/HA ((b,b’)), T5/HA ((c,c’)), T5-S/HA ((d,d’)), TNF6C/HA ((e,e’)), TNF6S/HA ((f,f’)), TNF72a/HA ((g,g’)), and TNF72b/HA ((h,h’)) samples at various currents (1.5 mA; 2.5 mA; 3.5 mA); (# significantly different according to one-way ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, p < 0.05).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Nanoscratch-test results (adhesion load) of studied: T/HA, T-S/HA, T5/HA, T5-S/HA, TNF6C/HA, TNF6S/HA, TNF72a/HA, and TNF72b/HA samples at various currents (1.5, 2.5, 3.5 mA); (# significantly different according to one-way ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, p < 0.05).
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