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. 2022 Sep 21;11(19):2464.
doi: 10.3390/plants11192464.

Allelopathic Potential of Mangroves from the Red River Estuary against the Rice Weed Echinochloa crus-galli and Variation in Their Leaf Metabolome

Dounia Dhaou  1 , Virginie Baldy  1 , Dao Van Tan  2 , Jean-Rémi Malachin  1 , Nicolas Pouchard  1 , Anaïs Roux  1 , Sylvie Dupouyet  1 , Stéphane Greff  1 , Gérald Culioli  1 , Thomas Michel  3 , Catherine Fernandez  1 , Anne Bousquet-Mélou  1
Affiliations

Allelopathic Potential of Mangroves from the Red River Estuary against the Rice Weed Echinochloa crus-galli and Variation in Their Leaf Metabolome

Dounia Dhaou et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

Mangroves are the only forests located at the sea-land interface in tropical and subtropical regions. They are key elements of tropical coastal ecosystems, providing numerous ecosystem services. Among them is the production of specialized metabolites by mangroves and their potential use in agriculture to limit weed growth in cultures. We explored the in vitro allelopathic potential of eight mangrove species' aqueous leaf extracts (Avicennia marina, Kandelia obovata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Sonneratia apetala, Sonneratia caseolaris, Aegiceras corniculatum, Lumnitzera racemosa and Rhizophora stylosa) on the germination and growth of Echinochloa crus-galli, a weed species associated with rice, Oryza sativa. Leaf methanolic extracts of mangrove species were also studied via UHPLC-ESI/qToF to compare their metabolite fingerprints. Our results highlight that A. corniculatum and S. apetala negatively affected E. crus-galli development with a stimulating effect or no effect on O. sativa. Phytochemical investigations of A. corniculatum allowed us to putatively annotate three flavonoids and two saponins. For S. apetala, three flavonoids, a tannin and two unusual sulfated ellagic acid derivatives were found. Some of these compounds are described for the first time in these species. Overall, A. corniculatum and S. apetala leaves are proposed as promising natural alternatives against E. crus-galli and should be further assessed under field conditions.

Keywords: Aegiceras corniculatum; Sonneratia apetala; UHPLC-ESI/qToF; allelopathy; barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli); flavonoids; mangrove; metabolomics; rice (Oryza sativa); saponins; sulfated ellagic acid.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
UHPLC-MS fingerprints of leaf methanolic extracts of Aegiceras corniculatum (red), Avicennia marina (green), Lumnitzera racemosa (pink), Bruguiera gymnorhiza (dark blue), Kandelia obovata (light blue), Rhizophora stylosa (yellow), Sonneratia apetala (purple) and S. caseolaris (orange): (a) principal component analysis where each sample is represented by a dot; (b) hierarchical clustering heatmap of most significant m/z features amongst species groups (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Each colored cell corresponds to a normalized, log10-transformed and mean-centered abundance value. Samples are in rows and m/z features in columns.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Heatmap representing Relative Allelopathic Effect (RAE) indices of 8 mangrove species’ (Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Kandelia obovata, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia apetala and Sonneratia caseolaris) leaf aqueous extracts on germination (rate and velocity) and growth parameters (hypocotyl length, root length, number of roots and total biomass) of Echinochloa crus-galli and Oryza sativa seedlings 10 days after germination. The extracts were prepared at 2.5% and 5%.
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