GC-MS Profiling, Anti- Helicobacter pylori, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Three Apiaceous Fruits' Essential Oils

Abstract

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori is a challenge due to rising antibiotic resistance and GIT-related disorders. Cuminum cyminum, Pimpinella anisum, and Carum carvi are fruits belonging to the Apiaceae family. Their essential oils were extracted, analyzed using GC-MS, tested for anti-H. pylori activity by a micro-well dilution technique, identified for potential anti-H. pylori inhibitors by an in-silico study, and investigated for anti-inflammatory activity using a COX-2 inhibition assay. Results showed that the main components of C. cyminum, P. anisum, and C. carvi were cumaldehyde (41.26%), anethole (92.41%), and carvone (51.38%), respectively. Essential oil of C. cyminum exhibited the greatest anti-H. pylori activity (3.9 µg/mL) followed by P. anisum (15.63 µg/mL), while C. carvi showed the lowest activity (62.5 µg/mL). The in-silico study showed that cumaldehyde in C. cyminum has the best fitting energy to inhibit H. pylori.C. cyminum essential oil showed the maximum ability to reduce the production of Cox-2 expression approaching celecoxib with IC₅₀ = 1.8 ± 0.41 µg/mL, followed by the C. carvi oil IC₅₀ = 7.3 ± 0.35 µg/mL and then oil of P. anisum IC₅₀ = 10.7±0.63 µg/mL. The investigated phytochemicals in this study can be used as potential adjunct therapies with conventional antibiotics against H. pylori.

Keywords: Carum carvi; Cuminum cyminum; GC-MS Helicobacter pylori; Pimpinella anisum; anti-inflammatory; antibacterial; essential oil; molecular docking.

Figure 1

GC chromatograms of the essential oils of (A) C. cyminum, (B) P. anisum, and (C) C. carvi.

Figure 2

2D structures of the main detected compounds of three oils L. by GC–MS analysis (Drawn by Chem-draw ultra-version 14).

Figure 3

Anti-inflammatory activity cyclooxygenase COX-2 inhibitory % of CM (C. cyminum), AN (P. anisum), and CR (C. carvi) compared to standard drug, celecoxib.

Figure 4

2D and 3D interaction diagram of the co-crystallized ligand and identified compounds docking pose interactions with the key amino acids in the 3NM4 binding site. The three-letter amino acid codes and positions of each residue are indicated. Between the receptor and the ligand, hydrogen-bonding interactions are illustrated by a green dashed line, whereas -alkyl interactions are represented by a purple dashed line.

Figure 4

2D and 3D interaction diagram of the co-crystallized ligand and identified compounds docking pose interactions with the key amino acids in the 3NM4 binding site. The three-letter amino acid codes and positions of each residue are indicated. Between the receptor and the ligand, hydrogen-bonding interactions are illustrated by a green dashed line, whereas -alkyl interactions are represented by a purple dashed line.

Figure 4

2D and 3D interaction diagram of the co-crystallized ligand and identified compounds docking pose interactions with the key amino acids in the 3NM4 binding site. The three-letter amino acid codes and positions of each residue are indicated. Between the receptor and the ligand, hydrogen-bonding interactions are illustrated by a green dashed line, whereas -alkyl interactions are represented by a purple dashed line.