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Review
. 2022 Sep 27:12:1014156.
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1014156. eCollection 2022.

Recent advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors for non-small lung cancer treatment

Reem Altaf  1   2 , Sarmad Sheraz Jadoon  3 , Syed Aun Muhammad  4 , Umair Ilyas  5 , Yongtao Duan  1
Affiliations
Review

Recent advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors for non-small lung cancer treatment

Reem Altaf et al. Front Oncol. .

Abstract

Lung cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer responsible for thousands of cancer-related deaths. Its treatment has remained a challenge for researchers, but an increase in the knowledge of molecular pathways and biology of lung cancer has dramatically changed its management in recent decades. Immunotherapies and immunomodulation of lung cancer have previously failed for a long time but thanks to continuous research work and enthusiasm, now, this field is emerging as a novel effective therapy. Now, it is hope with potential benefits and promising results in the treatment of lung cancer. This review article focuses on immune checkpoints inhibitors: CTLA-4 inhibitors (ipilimumab and tremelimumab) and PDL-1 inhibitors (durvalumab and atezolizumab) that can be blocked to treat lung carcinoma. It is also focused on critically analyzing different studies and clinical trials to determine the potential benefits, risks, and adverse events associated with immunotherapeutic treatment.

Keywords: chemotherapy; immune checkpoint inhibitors; immunotherapy; lung cancer; non-small lung cancer.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
CTLA-4 mechanism for T-cell regulation. The figure illustrates the relation of CTLA-4 with Tryptophan catabolization, Cbl, ZAP-70, and PI3K pathways leading to inhibition of T-cell proliferation and activation and inhibited immune response against tumor. In cancer immunotherapy, CTLA-R receptor was the first receptor to be targeted clinically. Blockade of this receptor by antibodies prevent its interaction in immune system inhibition.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Interaction of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies with T cells. Increased T-cell activation and proliferation are made possible by CTLA-4 inhibition; it also lessens the immunosuppressive effects of Tregs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mechanism of inhibition of TIM3 pathway by ligands.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mechanism of inhibition of cytotoxic NK cells by TGIT ligands. The binding of TGIT with its ligand in NK cells is inhibited by phosphorylation of ITT. CD115 has the highest affinity for TGIT.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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