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. 2022 Sep 15;14(9):6647-6658.
eCollection 2022.

Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in Ningxia, China: comparison of two cross-sectional studies from 2017 and 2022

Yan Zhou  1 , Yanhong Deng  2 , Yanjie You  2 , Xue Li  2 , Di Zhang  3 , Hailong Qi  4 , Ruichun Shi  5 , Li Yao  2 , Yuanyuan Tang  2 , Xiaofei Li  2 , Linke Ma  2 , Yanlin Li  2 , Jun Liu  2 , Yaning Feng  2 , Xianmei Chen  2 , Qian Hao  2 , Xuemei Li  2 , Yuzhen Li  2 , Min Niu  2 , Hengjun Gao  6   7   8 , Feihu Bai  9   10 , Shengjuan Hu  2
Affiliations

Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in Ningxia, China: comparison of two cross-sectional studies from 2017 and 2022

Yan Zhou et al. Am J Transl Res. .

Abstract

Objectives: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes a variety of intragastric and extragastric diseases. Despite its decreasing global prevalence, it remains a major public health problem in many developing countries. This study aimed to understand the prevalence of H. pylori infection and its risk factors in five cities of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, an area with high incidence of gastric cancer.

Methods: Cross-sectional studies were conducted in Ningxia from 2017 and 2022, to detect the prevalence of H. pylori using the 14C urea breath test. All participants completed a questionnaire that included demographics, personal habits, household economic characteristics, and previous health status. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent factors for H. pylori infection.

Results: Our findings demonstrated that the prevalence of H. pylori infection in Ningxia decreased significantly from 60.3% in 2017 to 43.6% in 2022, with an increase in public awareness rate from 35.9% in 2017 to 68.5% in 2022. The lowest infection rate was found in Zhongwei and highest in Guyuan. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was higher among Hui ethnicity, farmers, individuals living in rural areas, individuals with lower income, low education, and those who consumed less fruit. Gallbladder, respiratory, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases were not associated with H. pylori infection.

Conclusions: The prevalence of H. pylori in Ningxia decreased in the past five years. Ethnicity, location, occupation, income, education, and consumption of fruits were independent risk factors for H. pylori infection in Ningxia. It was not associated with extra-gastric disease.

Keywords: Helicobacter pylori; Ningxia; prevalence; risk factors.

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Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Geographic location of Ningxia and 21 community health care centers that participated in this study (triangle symbols).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Awareness of Helicobacter pylori (A), and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori stratified by sex, ethnicity (B), age (C), and geographic region (D) in 2017 and 2022. * represent P < 0.001. (A) Awareness rate of Helicobacter pylori in the participating population in 2017 and 2022 by questionnaire. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the participating population was detected by 14C urea breath test in 2017 and 2022, respectively. (B) The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and the comparison of prevalence by gender and ethnicity in 2017 and 2022. (C) Trends in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori by age in 2017 and 2022. (D) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in five regions of Ningxia in 2017 and 2022.
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