. 2021 Dec 22:2:100854.

doi: 10.1016/j.bas.2021.100854. eCollection 2022.

Neurocognitive correlates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury

Dominique L G Van Praag^{1

2}, Kristien Wouters³, Filip Van Den Eede^{2

4}, Lindsay Wilson^{1

5}, Andrew I R Maas⁶; CENTER-TBI investigators and participants

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

CENTER-TBI investigators and participants:
Cecilia Åkerlund⁷, Krisztina Amrein⁸, Nada Andelic⁹, Lasse Andreassen¹⁰, Audny Anke¹¹, Anna Antoni¹², Gérard Audibert¹³, Philippe Azouvi¹⁴, Maria Luisa Azzolini¹⁵, Ronald Bartels¹⁶, Pál Barzó¹⁷, Romuald Beauvais¹⁸, Ronny Beer¹⁹, Bo-Michael Bellander²⁰, Antonio Belli²¹, Habib Benali²², Maurizio Berardino²³, Luigi Beretta¹⁵, Morten Blaabjerg²⁴, Peter Bragge²⁵, Alexandra Brazinova²⁶, Vibeke Brinck²⁷, Joanne Brooker²⁸, Camilla Brorsson²⁹, Andras Buki³⁰, Monika Bullinger³¹, Manuel Cabeleira³², Alessio Caccioppola³³, Emiliana Calappi³³, Maria Rosa Calvi¹⁵, Peter Cameron³⁴, Guillermo Carbayo Lozano³⁵, Marco Carbonara³³, Simona Cavallo²³, Giorgio Chevallard³⁶, Arturo Chieregato³⁶, Giuseppe Citerio^{37

38}, Iris Ceyisakar³⁹, Hans Clusmann⁴⁰, Mark Coburn⁴¹, Jonathan Coles⁴², Jamie D Cooper³⁴, Marta Correia⁴³, Amra Čović⁴⁴, Nicola Curry⁴⁵, Endre Czeiter³⁰, Marek Czosnyka³², Claire Dahyot-Fizelier⁴⁶, Paul Dark⁴⁷, Helen Dawes⁴⁸, Véronique De Keyser⁴⁹, Vincent Degos²², Francesco Della Corte⁵⁰, Hugo den Boogert¹⁶, Bart Depreitere⁵¹, Đula Đilvesi⁵², Abhishek Dixit⁵³, Emma Donoghue²⁸, Jens Dreier⁵⁴, Guy-Loup Dulière⁵⁵, Ari Ercole⁵³, Patrick Esser⁴⁸, Erzsébet Ezer⁵⁶, Martin Fabricius⁵⁷, Valery L Feigin⁵⁸, Kelly Foks⁵⁹, Shirin Frisvold⁶⁰, Alex Furmanov⁶¹, Pablo Gagliardo⁶², Damien Galanaud²², Dashiell Gantner⁶³, Guoyi Gao⁶⁴, Pradeep George⁶⁵, Alexandre Ghuysen⁶⁶, Lelde Giga⁶⁷, Ben Glocker⁶⁸, Jagoš Golubovic⁵², Pedro A Gomez⁶⁹, Johannes Gratz⁷⁰, Benjamin Gravesteijn³⁹, Francesca Grossi⁵⁰, Russell L Gruen⁷¹, Deepak Gupta⁷², Juanita A Haagsma³⁹, Iain Haitsma⁷³, Raimund Helbok¹⁹, Eirik Helseth⁷⁴, Lindsay Horton⁷⁵, Jilske Huijben³⁹, Peter J Hutchinson⁷⁶, Bram Jacobs⁷⁷, Stefan Jankowski⁷⁸, Mike Jarrett²⁷, Ji-Yao Jiang⁶⁴, Faye Johnson⁷⁹, Kelly Jones⁵⁸, Mladen Karan⁵², Angelos G Kolias⁷⁶, Erwin Kompanje⁷⁷, Daniel Kondziella⁵⁷, Evgenios Koraropoulos⁵³, Lars-Owe Koskinen⁸⁰, Noémi Kovács⁸¹, Ana Kowark⁴¹, Alfonso Lagares⁶⁹, Linda Lanyon⁶⁵, Steven Laureys⁸², Fiona Lecky^{83

84}, Didier Ledoux⁸², Rolf Lefering⁸⁵, Valerie Legrand⁸⁶, Aurelie Lejeune⁸⁷, Leon Levi⁸⁸, Roger Lightfoot⁸⁹, Hester Lingsma³⁹, Andrew Ir Maas⁴⁹, Ana M Castaño-León⁶⁹, Marc Maegele⁹⁰, Marek Majdan²⁶, Alex Manara⁹¹, Geoffrey Manley⁹², Costanza Martino⁹³, Hugues Maréchal⁵⁵, Julia Mattern⁹⁴, Catherine McMahon⁹⁵, Béla Melegh⁹⁶, David Menon⁵³, Tomas Menovsky⁴⁹, Ana Mikolic³⁹, Benoit Misset⁸², Visakh Muraleedharan⁶⁵, Lynnette Murray⁶³, Ancuta Negru⁹⁷, David Nelson⁷, Virginia Newcombe⁵³, Daan Nieboer³⁹, József Nyirádi⁸, Otesile Olubukola⁸³, Matej Oresic⁹⁸, Fabrizio Ortolano³³, Aarno Palotie^{99

100

101}, Paul M Parizel¹⁰², Jean-François Payen¹⁰³, Natascha Perera¹⁸, Vincent Perlbarg²², Paolo Persona¹⁰⁴, Wilco Peul¹⁰⁵, Anna Piippo-Karjalainen¹⁰⁶, Matti Pirinen⁹⁹, Horia Ples⁹⁷, Suzanne Polinder³⁹, Inigo Pomposo³⁵, Jussi P Posti¹⁰⁷, Louis Puybasset¹⁰⁸, Andreea Radoi¹⁰⁹, Arminas Ragauskas¹¹⁰, Rahul Raj¹⁰⁶, Malinka Rambadagalla¹¹¹, Jonathan Rhodes¹¹², Sylvia Richardson¹¹³, Sophie Richter⁵³, Samuli Ripatti⁹⁹, Saulius Rocka¹¹⁰, Cecilie Roe¹¹⁴, Olav Roise^{115

116}, Jonathan Rosand¹¹⁷, Jeffrey V Rosenfeld¹¹⁸, Christina Rosenlund¹¹⁹, Guy Rosenthal⁶¹, Rolf Rossaint⁴¹, Sandra Rossi¹⁰⁴, Daniel Rueckert⁶⁸, Martin Rusnák¹²⁰, Juan Sahuquillo¹⁰⁹, Oliver Sakowitz^{94

121}, Renan Sanchez-Porras¹²¹, Janos Sandor¹²², Nadine Schäfer⁸⁵, Silke Schmidt¹²³, Herbert Schoechl¹²⁴, Guus Schoonman¹²⁵, Rico Frederik Schou¹²⁶, Elisabeth Schwendenwein¹², Charlie Sewalt³⁹, Toril Skandsen^{127

128}, Peter Smielewski³², Abayomi Sorinola¹²⁹, Emmanuel Stamatakis⁵³, Simon Stanworth⁴⁵, Robert Stevens¹³⁰, William Stewart¹³¹, Ewout W Steyerberg^{39

132}, Nino Stocchetti¹³³, Nina Sundström¹³⁴, Anneliese Synnot^{28

135}, Riikka Takala¹³⁶, Viktória Tamás¹²⁹, Tomas Tamosuitis¹³⁷, Mark Steven Taylor²⁶, Braden Te Ao⁵⁸, Olli Tenovuo¹⁰⁷, Alice Theadom⁵⁸, Matt Thomas⁹¹, Dick Tibboel¹³⁸, Marjolein Timmers¹³⁹, Christos Tolias¹⁴⁰, Tony Trapani⁶³, Cristina Maria Tudora⁹⁷, Andreas Unterberg⁹⁴, Peter Vajkoczy¹⁴¹, Shirley Vallance⁶³, Egils Valeinis⁶⁷, Zoltán Vámos⁵⁶, Mathieu van der Jagt¹⁴², Gregory Van der Steen⁴⁹, Joukje van der Naalt⁷⁷, Jeroen Tjm van Dijck¹⁰⁵, Thomas A van Essen¹⁰⁵, Wim Van Hecke¹⁴³, Caroline van Heugten⁴⁸, Dominique Van Praag¹⁴⁴, Thijs Vande Vyvere¹⁴³, Roel Pj van Wijk¹⁰⁵, Alessia Vargiolu³⁸, Emmanuel Vega⁸⁷, Kimberley Velt³⁹, Jan Verheyden¹⁴³, Paul M Vespa¹⁴⁵, Anne Vik^{127

146}, Rimantas Vilcinis¹³⁷, Victor Volovici⁷³, Nicole von Steinbüchel⁴⁴, Daphne Voormolen³⁹, Petar Vulekovic⁵², Kevin Kw Wang¹⁴⁷, Eveline Wiegers³⁹, Guy Williams⁵³, Lindsay Wilson⁷⁵, Stefan Winzeck⁵³, Stefan Wolf¹⁴⁸, Zhihui Yang¹⁴⁷, Peter Ylén¹⁴⁹, Alexander Younsi⁹⁴, Frederick A Zeiler^{53

150}, Veronika Zelinkova²⁶, Agate Ziverte⁶⁷, Tommaso Zoerle³³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
² Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
³ Clinical Trial Centre (CTC), CRC Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
⁵ Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem and University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
⁷ Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁸ János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁹ Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway.
¹¹ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway.
¹² Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹³ Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France.
¹⁴ Raymond Poincare Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
¹⁵ Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, S Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy.
¹⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
¹⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
¹⁸ International Projects Management, ARTTIC, Munchen, Germany.
¹⁹ Department of Neurology, Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
²⁰ Department of Neurosurgery & Anesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²¹ NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Birmingham, UK.
²² Anesthesie-Réanimation, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
²³ Department of Anesthesia & ICU, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino - Orthopedic and Trauma Center, Torino, Italy.
²⁴ Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
²⁵ BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainability Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
²⁶ Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
²⁷ Quesgen Systems Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA.
²⁸ Australian & New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
²⁹ Department of Surgery and Perioperative Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
³⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary and Neurotrauma Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Hungary.
³¹ Department of Medical Psychology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
³² Brain Physics Lab, Division of Neurosurgery, Dept of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
³³ Neuro ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
³⁴ School of Public Health & PM, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
³⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of Cruces, Bilbao, Spain.
³⁶ NeuroIntensive Care, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
³⁷ School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
³⁸ NeuroIntensive Care, ASST di Monza, Monza, Italy.
³⁹ Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁴⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
⁴¹ Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
⁴² Department of Anesthesia & Neurointensive Care, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
⁴³ Radiology/MRI department, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
⁴⁴ Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
⁴⁵ Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.
⁴⁶ Intensive Care Unit, CHU Poitiers, Potiers, France.
⁴⁷ University of Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Critical Care Directorate, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.
⁴⁸ Movement Science Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
⁴⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
⁵⁰ Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy.
⁵¹ Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁵² Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
⁵³ Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
⁵⁴ Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
⁵⁵ Intensive Care Unit, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium.
⁵⁶ Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁵⁷ Departments of Neurology, Clinical Neurophysiology and Neuroanesthesiology, Region Hovedstaden Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁵⁸ National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁵⁹ Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁶⁰ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway.
⁶¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah-hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
⁶² Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Neurorrehabilitación (FIVAN), Valencia, Spain.
⁶³ ANZIC Research Centre, Monash University, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁶⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University/school of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
⁶⁵ Karolinska Institutet, INCF International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁶⁶ Emergency Department, CHU, Liège, Belgium.
⁶⁷ Neurosurgery Clinic, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
⁶⁸ Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁶⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
⁷⁰ Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
⁷¹ College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
⁷² Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosciences Centre & JPN Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
⁷³ Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁷⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁷⁵ Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
⁷⁶ Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁷⁷ Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁷⁸ Neurointensive Care, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
⁷⁹ Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Acute Research Delivery Team, Salford, UK.
⁸⁰ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
⁸¹ Hungarian Brain Research Program - Grant No. KTIA_13_NAP-A-II/8, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁸² Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
⁸³ Centre for Urgent and Emergency Care Research (CURE), Health Services Research Section, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
⁸⁴ Emergency Department, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK.
⁸⁵ Institute of Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany.
⁸⁶ VP Global Project Management CNS, ICON, Paris, France.
⁸⁷ Department of Anesthesiology-Intensive Care, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
⁸⁸ Department of Neurosurgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
⁸⁹ Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospitals Southhampton NHS Trust, Southhampton, UK.
⁹⁰ Cologne-Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Department of Traumatology, Orthopedic Surgery and Sportmedicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany.
⁹¹ Intensive Care Unit, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁹² Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
⁹³ Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care,M. Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy.
⁹⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁹⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
⁹⁶ Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁹⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania.
⁹⁸ School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
⁹⁹ Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁰⁰ Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁰¹ Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
¹⁰² Department of Radiology, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
¹⁰³ Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliera Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.
¹⁰⁵ Dept. of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands and Dept. of Neurosurgery, Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, the Netherlands.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
¹⁰⁷ Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹⁰⁸ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Pitié -Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris and University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
¹⁰⁹ Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
¹¹⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Kaunas University of Technology and Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
¹¹¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Rezekne Hospital, Latvia.
¹¹² Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine NHS Lothian & University of Edinburg, Edinburgh, UK.
¹¹³ MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK.
¹¹⁴ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital/University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹¹⁵ Division of Orthopedics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
¹¹⁶ Institue of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹¹⁷ Broad Institute, Cambridge MA Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹¹⁸ National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹¹⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹²⁰ International Neurotrauma Research Organisation, Vienna, Austria.
¹²¹ Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Klinikum Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany.
¹²² Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
¹²³ Department Health and Prevention, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹²⁴ Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, AUVA Trauma Hospital, Salzburg, Austria.
¹²⁵ Department of Neurology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
¹²⁶ Department of Neuroanesthesia and Neurointensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹²⁷ Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
¹²⁸ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
¹²⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
¹³⁰ Division of Neuroscience Critical Care, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
¹³¹ Department of Neuropathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
¹³² Dept. of Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
¹³³ Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan University, and Neuroscience ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
¹³⁴ Department of Radiation Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
¹³⁵ Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group, Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
¹³⁶ Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹³⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, Kaunas University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
¹³⁸ Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
¹³⁹ Department of Intensive Care and Department of Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Kings College London, London, UK.
¹⁴¹ Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁴² Department of Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC- University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
¹⁴³ IcoMetrix NV, Leuven, Belgium.
¹⁴⁴ Department of Psychology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
¹⁴⁵ Director of Neurocritical Care, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
¹⁴⁷ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁴⁹ VTT Technical Research Centre, Tampere, Finland.
¹⁵⁰ Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.

PMID: 36248103
PMCID: PMC9560676
DOI: 10.1016/j.bas.2021.100854

Neurocognitive correlates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury

Dominique L G Van Praag et al. Brain Spine. 2021.

. 2021 Dec 22:2:100854.

doi: 10.1016/j.bas.2021.100854. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Dominique L G Van Praag^{1

2}, Kristien Wouters³, Filip Van Den Eede^{2

4}, Lindsay Wilson^{1

5}, Andrew I R Maas⁶; CENTER-TBI investigators and participants

Collaborators

CENTER-TBI investigators and participants:
Cecilia Åkerlund⁷, Krisztina Amrein⁸, Nada Andelic⁹, Lasse Andreassen¹⁰, Audny Anke¹¹, Anna Antoni¹², Gérard Audibert¹³, Philippe Azouvi¹⁴, Maria Luisa Azzolini¹⁵, Ronald Bartels¹⁶, Pál Barzó¹⁷, Romuald Beauvais¹⁸, Ronny Beer¹⁹, Bo-Michael Bellander²⁰, Antonio Belli²¹, Habib Benali²², Maurizio Berardino²³, Luigi Beretta¹⁵, Morten Blaabjerg²⁴, Peter Bragge²⁵, Alexandra Brazinova²⁶, Vibeke Brinck²⁷, Joanne Brooker²⁸, Camilla Brorsson²⁹, Andras Buki³⁰, Monika Bullinger³¹, Manuel Cabeleira³², Alessio Caccioppola³³, Emiliana Calappi³³, Maria Rosa Calvi¹⁵, Peter Cameron³⁴, Guillermo Carbayo Lozano³⁵, Marco Carbonara³³, Simona Cavallo²³, Giorgio Chevallard³⁶, Arturo Chieregato³⁶, Giuseppe Citerio^{37

38}, Iris Ceyisakar³⁹, Hans Clusmann⁴⁰, Mark Coburn⁴¹, Jonathan Coles⁴², Jamie D Cooper³⁴, Marta Correia⁴³, Amra Čović⁴⁴, Nicola Curry⁴⁵, Endre Czeiter³⁰, Marek Czosnyka³², Claire Dahyot-Fizelier⁴⁶, Paul Dark⁴⁷, Helen Dawes⁴⁸, Véronique De Keyser⁴⁹, Vincent Degos²², Francesco Della Corte⁵⁰, Hugo den Boogert¹⁶, Bart Depreitere⁵¹, Đula Đilvesi⁵², Abhishek Dixit⁵³, Emma Donoghue²⁸, Jens Dreier⁵⁴, Guy-Loup Dulière⁵⁵, Ari Ercole⁵³, Patrick Esser⁴⁸, Erzsébet Ezer⁵⁶, Martin Fabricius⁵⁷, Valery L Feigin⁵⁸, Kelly Foks⁵⁹, Shirin Frisvold⁶⁰, Alex Furmanov⁶¹, Pablo Gagliardo⁶², Damien Galanaud²², Dashiell Gantner⁶³, Guoyi Gao⁶⁴, Pradeep George⁶⁵, Alexandre Ghuysen⁶⁶, Lelde Giga⁶⁷, Ben Glocker⁶⁸, Jagoš Golubovic⁵², Pedro A Gomez⁶⁹, Johannes Gratz⁷⁰, Benjamin Gravesteijn³⁹, Francesca Grossi⁵⁰, Russell L Gruen⁷¹, Deepak Gupta⁷², Juanita A Haagsma³⁹, Iain Haitsma⁷³, Raimund Helbok¹⁹, Eirik Helseth⁷⁴, Lindsay Horton⁷⁵, Jilske Huijben³⁹, Peter J Hutchinson⁷⁶, Bram Jacobs⁷⁷, Stefan Jankowski⁷⁸, Mike Jarrett²⁷, Ji-Yao Jiang⁶⁴, Faye Johnson⁷⁹, Kelly Jones⁵⁸, Mladen Karan⁵², Angelos G Kolias⁷⁶, Erwin Kompanje⁷⁷, Daniel Kondziella⁵⁷, Evgenios Koraropoulos⁵³, Lars-Owe Koskinen⁸⁰, Noémi Kovács⁸¹, Ana Kowark⁴¹, Alfonso Lagares⁶⁹, Linda Lanyon⁶⁵, Steven Laureys⁸², Fiona Lecky^{83

84}, Didier Ledoux⁸², Rolf Lefering⁸⁵, Valerie Legrand⁸⁶, Aurelie Lejeune⁸⁷, Leon Levi⁸⁸, Roger Lightfoot⁸⁹, Hester Lingsma³⁹, Andrew Ir Maas⁴⁹, Ana M Castaño-León⁶⁹, Marc Maegele⁹⁰, Marek Majdan²⁶, Alex Manara⁹¹, Geoffrey Manley⁹², Costanza Martino⁹³, Hugues Maréchal⁵⁵, Julia Mattern⁹⁴, Catherine McMahon⁹⁵, Béla Melegh⁹⁶, David Menon⁵³, Tomas Menovsky⁴⁹, Ana Mikolic³⁹, Benoit Misset⁸², Visakh Muraleedharan⁶⁵, Lynnette Murray⁶³, Ancuta Negru⁹⁷, David Nelson⁷, Virginia Newcombe⁵³, Daan Nieboer³⁹, József Nyirádi⁸, Otesile Olubukola⁸³, Matej Oresic⁹⁸, Fabrizio Ortolano³³, Aarno Palotie^{99

100

101}, Paul M Parizel¹⁰², Jean-François Payen¹⁰³, Natascha Perera¹⁸, Vincent Perlbarg²², Paolo Persona¹⁰⁴, Wilco Peul¹⁰⁵, Anna Piippo-Karjalainen¹⁰⁶, Matti Pirinen⁹⁹, Horia Ples⁹⁷, Suzanne Polinder³⁹, Inigo Pomposo³⁵, Jussi P Posti¹⁰⁷, Louis Puybasset¹⁰⁸, Andreea Radoi¹⁰⁹, Arminas Ragauskas¹¹⁰, Rahul Raj¹⁰⁶, Malinka Rambadagalla¹¹¹, Jonathan Rhodes¹¹², Sylvia Richardson¹¹³, Sophie Richter⁵³, Samuli Ripatti⁹⁹, Saulius Rocka¹¹⁰, Cecilie Roe¹¹⁴, Olav Roise^{115

116}, Jonathan Rosand¹¹⁷, Jeffrey V Rosenfeld¹¹⁸, Christina Rosenlund¹¹⁹, Guy Rosenthal⁶¹, Rolf Rossaint⁴¹, Sandra Rossi¹⁰⁴, Daniel Rueckert⁶⁸, Martin Rusnák¹²⁰, Juan Sahuquillo¹⁰⁹, Oliver Sakowitz^{94

121}, Renan Sanchez-Porras¹²¹, Janos Sandor¹²², Nadine Schäfer⁸⁵, Silke Schmidt¹²³, Herbert Schoechl¹²⁴, Guus Schoonman¹²⁵, Rico Frederik Schou¹²⁶, Elisabeth Schwendenwein¹², Charlie Sewalt³⁹, Toril Skandsen^{127

128}, Peter Smielewski³², Abayomi Sorinola¹²⁹, Emmanuel Stamatakis⁵³, Simon Stanworth⁴⁵, Robert Stevens¹³⁰, William Stewart¹³¹, Ewout W Steyerberg^{39

132}, Nino Stocchetti¹³³, Nina Sundström¹³⁴, Anneliese Synnot^{28

135}, Riikka Takala¹³⁶, Viktória Tamás¹²⁹, Tomas Tamosuitis¹³⁷, Mark Steven Taylor²⁶, Braden Te Ao⁵⁸, Olli Tenovuo¹⁰⁷, Alice Theadom⁵⁸, Matt Thomas⁹¹, Dick Tibboel¹³⁸, Marjolein Timmers¹³⁹, Christos Tolias¹⁴⁰, Tony Trapani⁶³, Cristina Maria Tudora⁹⁷, Andreas Unterberg⁹⁴, Peter Vajkoczy¹⁴¹, Shirley Vallance⁶³, Egils Valeinis⁶⁷, Zoltán Vámos⁵⁶, Mathieu van der Jagt¹⁴², Gregory Van der Steen⁴⁹, Joukje van der Naalt⁷⁷, Jeroen Tjm van Dijck¹⁰⁵, Thomas A van Essen¹⁰⁵, Wim Van Hecke¹⁴³, Caroline van Heugten⁴⁸, Dominique Van Praag¹⁴⁴, Thijs Vande Vyvere¹⁴³, Roel Pj van Wijk¹⁰⁵, Alessia Vargiolu³⁸, Emmanuel Vega⁸⁷, Kimberley Velt³⁹, Jan Verheyden¹⁴³, Paul M Vespa¹⁴⁵, Anne Vik^{127

146}, Rimantas Vilcinis¹³⁷, Victor Volovici⁷³, Nicole von Steinbüchel⁴⁴, Daphne Voormolen³⁹, Petar Vulekovic⁵², Kevin Kw Wang¹⁴⁷, Eveline Wiegers³⁹, Guy Williams⁵³, Lindsay Wilson⁷⁵, Stefan Winzeck⁵³, Stefan Wolf¹⁴⁸, Zhihui Yang¹⁴⁷, Peter Ylén¹⁴⁹, Alexander Younsi⁹⁴, Frederick A Zeiler^{53

150}, Veronika Zelinkova²⁶, Agate Ziverte⁶⁷, Tommaso Zoerle³³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
² Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
³ Clinical Trial Centre (CTC), CRC Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
⁵ Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem and University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
⁷ Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁸ János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁹ Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway.
¹¹ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway.
¹² Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹³ Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France.
¹⁴ Raymond Poincare Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
¹⁵ Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, S Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy.
¹⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
¹⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
¹⁸ International Projects Management, ARTTIC, Munchen, Germany.
¹⁹ Department of Neurology, Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
²⁰ Department of Neurosurgery & Anesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²¹ NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Birmingham, UK.
²² Anesthesie-Réanimation, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
²³ Department of Anesthesia & ICU, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino - Orthopedic and Trauma Center, Torino, Italy.
²⁴ Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
²⁵ BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainability Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
²⁶ Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
²⁷ Quesgen Systems Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA.
²⁸ Australian & New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
²⁹ Department of Surgery and Perioperative Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
³⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary and Neurotrauma Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Hungary.
³¹ Department of Medical Psychology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
³² Brain Physics Lab, Division of Neurosurgery, Dept of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
³³ Neuro ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
³⁴ School of Public Health & PM, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
³⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of Cruces, Bilbao, Spain.
³⁶ NeuroIntensive Care, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
³⁷ School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
³⁸ NeuroIntensive Care, ASST di Monza, Monza, Italy.
³⁹ Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁴⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
⁴¹ Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
⁴² Department of Anesthesia & Neurointensive Care, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
⁴³ Radiology/MRI department, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
⁴⁴ Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
⁴⁵ Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.
⁴⁶ Intensive Care Unit, CHU Poitiers, Potiers, France.
⁴⁷ University of Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Critical Care Directorate, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.
⁴⁸ Movement Science Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
⁴⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
⁵⁰ Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy.
⁵¹ Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁵² Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
⁵³ Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
⁵⁴ Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
⁵⁵ Intensive Care Unit, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium.
⁵⁶ Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁵⁷ Departments of Neurology, Clinical Neurophysiology and Neuroanesthesiology, Region Hovedstaden Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁵⁸ National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁵⁹ Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁶⁰ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway.
⁶¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah-hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
⁶² Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Neurorrehabilitación (FIVAN), Valencia, Spain.
⁶³ ANZIC Research Centre, Monash University, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁶⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University/school of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
⁶⁵ Karolinska Institutet, INCF International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁶⁶ Emergency Department, CHU, Liège, Belgium.
⁶⁷ Neurosurgery Clinic, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
⁶⁸ Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁶⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
⁷⁰ Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
⁷¹ College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
⁷² Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosciences Centre & JPN Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
⁷³ Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁷⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁷⁵ Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
⁷⁶ Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁷⁷ Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁷⁸ Neurointensive Care, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
⁷⁹ Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Acute Research Delivery Team, Salford, UK.
⁸⁰ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
⁸¹ Hungarian Brain Research Program - Grant No. KTIA_13_NAP-A-II/8, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁸² Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
⁸³ Centre for Urgent and Emergency Care Research (CURE), Health Services Research Section, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
⁸⁴ Emergency Department, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK.
⁸⁵ Institute of Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany.
⁸⁶ VP Global Project Management CNS, ICON, Paris, France.
⁸⁷ Department of Anesthesiology-Intensive Care, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
⁸⁸ Department of Neurosurgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
⁸⁹ Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospitals Southhampton NHS Trust, Southhampton, UK.
⁹⁰ Cologne-Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Department of Traumatology, Orthopedic Surgery and Sportmedicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany.
⁹¹ Intensive Care Unit, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁹² Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
⁹³ Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care,M. Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy.
⁹⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁹⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
⁹⁶ Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁹⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania.
⁹⁸ School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
⁹⁹ Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁰⁰ Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁰¹ Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
¹⁰² Department of Radiology, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
¹⁰³ Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliera Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.
¹⁰⁵ Dept. of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands and Dept. of Neurosurgery, Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, the Netherlands.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
¹⁰⁷ Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹⁰⁸ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Pitié -Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris and University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
¹⁰⁹ Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
¹¹⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Kaunas University of Technology and Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
¹¹¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Rezekne Hospital, Latvia.
¹¹² Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine NHS Lothian & University of Edinburg, Edinburgh, UK.
¹¹³ MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK.
¹¹⁴ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital/University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹¹⁵ Division of Orthopedics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
¹¹⁶ Institue of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹¹⁷ Broad Institute, Cambridge MA Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹¹⁸ National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹¹⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹²⁰ International Neurotrauma Research Organisation, Vienna, Austria.
¹²¹ Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Klinikum Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany.
¹²² Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
¹²³ Department Health and Prevention, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹²⁴ Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, AUVA Trauma Hospital, Salzburg, Austria.
¹²⁵ Department of Neurology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
¹²⁶ Department of Neuroanesthesia and Neurointensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹²⁷ Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
¹²⁸ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
¹²⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
¹³⁰ Division of Neuroscience Critical Care, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
¹³¹ Department of Neuropathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
¹³² Dept. of Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
¹³³ Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan University, and Neuroscience ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
¹³⁴ Department of Radiation Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
¹³⁵ Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group, Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
¹³⁶ Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹³⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, Kaunas University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
¹³⁸ Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
¹³⁹ Department of Intensive Care and Department of Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Kings College London, London, UK.
¹⁴¹ Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁴² Department of Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC- University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
¹⁴³ IcoMetrix NV, Leuven, Belgium.
¹⁴⁴ Department of Psychology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
¹⁴⁵ Director of Neurocritical Care, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
¹⁴⁷ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁴⁹ VTT Technical Research Centre, Tampere, Finland.
¹⁵⁰ Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.

PMID: 36248103
PMCID: PMC9560676
DOI: 10.1016/j.bas.2021.100854

Abstract

Introduction: Neurocognitive problems associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can interact with impairment resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Research question: We aimed to identify neurocognitive problems associated with probable PTSD following TBI in a civilian sample.

Material and methods: The study is part of the CENTER-TBI project (Collaborative European Neurotrauma Effectiveness Research) that aims to better characterize TBI. For this cross-sectional study, we included patients of all severities aged over 15, and a Glasgow Outcome Score Extended (GOSE) above 3. Participants were assessed at six months post-injury on the PTSD Checklist-5 (PCL-5), the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Primary analysis was a complete case analysis. Regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between the PCL-5 and cognition.

Results: Of the 1134 participants included in the complete case analysis, 13.5% screened positive for PTSD. Probable PTSD was significantly associated with higher TMT-(B-A) (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.14-1.60, p < .001) and lower RAVLT-delayed recall scores (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.61-0.91, p = .004) after controlling for age, sex, psychiatric history, baseline Glasgow Coma Scale and education.

Discussion and conclusion: Poorer performance on cognitive tests assessing task switching and, to a lesser extent, delayed verbal recall is associated with probable PTSD in civilians who have suffered TBI.

Keywords: Cognition; Head injury; Neuropsychology; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Stress.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Flowchart of patient inclusion and exclusion.

**Fig. 2**
Probable PTSD diagnosis differentiated for GOSE rating *Note:* GOSE 4: Upper Severe Disability – needs full assistance in activities of daily living, GOSE 5: Lower Moderate Disability – independent, but cannot resume work/school or all previous social activities, GOSE 6: Upper Moderate Disability – Some disability exists, but can partly resume work or previous activities, GOSE 7: Lower Good Recovery – Minor physical or mental deficits that affects daily life, GOSE 8: Upper Good Recovery – Full recovery or minor symptoms that do not affect daily life

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Neurocognitive correlates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury

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Neurocognitive correlates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury

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