Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Oct 17;22(1):248.
doi: 10.1186/s12902-022-01161-w.

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus among the adult residents of tehran: Tehran Cohort Study

Alireza Oraii #  1 , Akbar Shafiee #  1 , Arash Jalali  2 , Farshid Alaeddini  1 , Soheil Saadat  3 , Farzad Masoudkabir  1   4 , Ali Vasheghani-Farahani  1   4 , Amirhossein Heidari  4   5 , Saeed Sadeghian  1 , Mohamamdali Boroumand  1 , Abbasali Karimi  1 , Oscar H Franco  6
Affiliations

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus among the adult residents of tehran: Tehran Cohort Study

Alireza Oraii et al. BMC Endocr Disord. .

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has increased in the past decades. We investigated the prevalence of diabetes and its awareness, treatment, and control among adult residents of Tehran.

Methods: We used the recruitment phase data of the Tehran Cohort study, enrolling a random sample of adult residents of Tehran aged ≥35 years. Diabetes was defined as self-report, current use of glucose-lowering medications, and/or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥126mg/dl. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was defined as an FPG of 100-125mg/dl. Awareness was defined as diabetes self-report, treatment as receiving glucose-lowering medications, and glycemic control as FPG <126mg/dl. The age- and sex-weighted estimates were calculated using the 2016 national census. Logistic regression models were used to determine the factors associated with diabetes awareness, treatment, and control.

Results: A total of 8151 participants were included. Age- and sex-weighted prevalence of diabetes mellitus and IFG were 16.7% (95% CI: 15.1-18.4) and 25.1% (95% CI: 23.1-27.1), respectively. Diabetes was more prevalent in the eastern and central districts of Tehran. Advanced age (OR per 1-year increase: 1.026, 95% CI: 1.021-1.030), male sex (OR: 1.716, 95% CI: 1.543-1.909), higher BMI levels (OR for BMI ≥35 vs. <20 kg/m2: 4.852, 95% CI: 3.365-6.998), pre-existing hypertension (OR: 1.552, 95% CI: 1.378-1.747), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.692, 95% CI: 1.521-1.883), and chronic kidney disease (OR: 1.650, 95% CI: 1.019-2.673) were associated with an increased odds of diabetes mellitus. On the contrary, diabetes mellitus was less likely in current tobacco (OR: 0.872, 95% CI: 0.765-0.994) and alcohol users (OR: 0.836, 95% CI: 0.703-0.994) compared to non-users. Among diabetic individuals, 82.8% were aware of their condition, 71.9% received treatment, and 31.7% of treated patients had adequate glycemic control. Advanced age and pre-existing comorbidities, including hypertension and dyslipidemia, were associated with higher diabetes awareness and treatment. Furthermore, advanced age, higher levels of education, and female sex were determinants of better glycemic control among treated diabetic participants.

Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of diabetes and IFG among adult residents of Tehran. Additionally, more than two-thirds of treated diabetics living in Tehran remain uncontrolled.

Keywords: Awareness; Control; Diabetes mellitus; Epidemiology; Prevalence; Treatment.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None declared

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of including participants from the Tehran Cohort Study for this analysis
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Geographic distribution of the prevalence of (a) diabetes mellitus, and (b) impaired fasting glucose based on the postal regions of Tehran
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Prevalence of (a) diabetes mellitus and (b) impaired fasting glucose stratified by age and sex
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus (a) Awareness, (b) Treatment, and (c) Control among treated diabetic individuals stratified by age and sex
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Geographic distribution of diabetes mellitus (a) Awareness, (b) Treatment, and (c) Control among treated diabetic individuals based on the postal regions of Tehran
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition [https://www.diabetesatlas.org/en/sections/worldwide-toll-of-diabetes.html]
    1. Collaborators GBDRF Global regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1923–1994. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bagherzadeh A, Nejati-Afkham A, Tajallizade-Khoob Y, Shafiee A, Sharifi F, Esfahani MA, Badamchizade Z, Alatab S, Fakhrzadeh H. Association of cardiac autonomic neuropathy with arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. J diabetes metab disord. 2013;12(1):55. doi: 10.1186/2251-6581-12-55. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nanayakkara N, Curtis AJ, Heritier S, Gadowski AM, Pavkov ME, Kenealy T, Owens DR, Thomas RL, Song S, Wong J, et al. Impact of age at type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis on mortality and vascular complications: systematic review and meta-analyses. Diabetologia. 2021;64(2):275–287. doi: 10.1007/s00125-020-05319-w. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nanayakkara N, Ranasinha S, Gadowski AM, Davis WA, Flack JR, Wischer N, Andrikopoulos S, Zoungas S. Age-related differences in glycaemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors and treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study from the Australian National Diabetes Audit. BMJ Open. 2018;8(8):e020677. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020677. - DOI - PMC - PubMed