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. 2023 Feb;280(2):529-542.
doi: 10.1007/s00405-022-07701-3. Epub 2022 Oct 19.

Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning in rhinology: a systematic review

Antonio Mario Bulfamante  1 , Francesco Ferella  1 , Austin Michael Miller  2 , Cecilia Rosso  1 , Carlotta Pipolo  1 , Emanuela Fuccillo  1   3 , Giovanni Felisati  1 , Alberto Maria Saibene  4
Affiliations

Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning in rhinology: a systematic review

Antonio Mario Bulfamante et al. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2023 Feb.

Abstract

Purpose: This PRISMA-compliant systematic review aims to analyze the existing applications of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and deep learning for rhinological purposes and compare works in terms of data pool size, AI systems, input and outputs, and model reliability.

Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Search criteria were designed to include all studies published until December 2021 presenting or employing AI for rhinological applications. We selected all original studies specifying AI models reliability. After duplicate removal, abstract and full-text selection, and quality assessment, we reviewed eligible articles for data pool size, AI tools used, input and outputs, and model reliability.

Results: Among 1378 unique citations, 39 studies were deemed eligible. Most studies (n = 29) were technical papers. Input included compiled data, verbal data, and 2D images, while outputs were in most cases dichotomous or selected among nominal classes. The most frequently employed AI tools were support vector machine for compiled data and convolutional neural network for 2D images. Model reliability was variable, but in most cases was reported to be between 80% and 100%.

Conclusions: AI has vast potential in rhinology, but an inherent lack of accessible code sources does not allow for sharing results and advancing research without reconstructing models from scratch. While data pools do not necessarily represent a problem for model construction, presently available tools appear limited in allowing employment of raw clinical data, thus demanding immense interpretive work prior to the analytic process.

Keywords: Algorithm; Allergy; Anatomy; Paranasal sinuses; Radiomics; Rhinitis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no potential conflict of interest or financial disclosures pertaining to this article.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
PRISMA-style flow diagram of study selection during the systematic review process
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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