doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-02040-6.
Ensuring remote diagnostics for pathologists: an open letter to the US Congress
Jochen K Lennerz
1
, Liron Pantanowitz
2
, Mitual B Amin
3
, Isam-Eldin Eltoum
4
, Meera R Hameed
5
, Alexana N Kalof
6
, Elham Khanafshar
7
, Lakshmi P Kunju
8
, Audrey J Lazenby
9
, Kathleen T Montone
10
, Christopher N Otis
11
, Michelle D Reid
12
, Paul N Staats
13
, Christa L Whitney-Miller
14
, Catherine S Abendroth
15
, Manju Aron
16
, George G Birdsong
17
18
, Ira J Bleiweiss
19
, Mary P Bronner
20
, Jennifer Chapman
21
, Nicole A Cipriani
22
, Gustavo de la Roza
23
, Michael J Esposito
24
, Oluwole Fadare
25
, Karen Ferrer
26
, Christopher D Fletcher
27
28
, David P Frishberg
29
, Fernando U Garcia
30
, Laurette Geldenhuys
31
, Ryan M Gill
32
, Dorina Gui
33
, Shams Halat
34
, Omar Hameed
35
, Jason L Hornick
36
, Aaron R Huber
37
, Dhanpat Jain
38
, Nirag Jhala
39
, Merce Jorda
40
, Julie M Jorns
41
, Jeffrey Kaplan
42
, Mahmoud A Khalifa
43
, Ashraf Khan
11
, Grace E Kim
44
, Eun Y Lee
45
, Virginia A LiVolsi
46
, Teri Longacre
47
, Cristina Magi-Galluzzi
48
, Shannon J McCall
49
, Laron McPhaul
50
, Vikas Mehta
51
, Mihai Merzianu
52
, Stacey B Miller
53
, Kyle H Molberg
54
, Andre L Moreira
55
, Bita V Naini
56
, Vania Nosé
57
, Kathleen O'Toole
58
, Maria Picken
59
, Victor G Prieto
60
, James M Pullman
61
, Charles M Quick
62
, Jordan P Reynolds
63
, Andrew E Rosenberg
64
, Stuart J Schnitt
36
65
, Mary R Schwartz
66
, Marin Sekosan
26
, Michael T Smith
67
, Aliyah Sohani
68
, Anne Stowman
6
, Vijay K Vanguri
69
, Beverly Wang
70
, John C Watts
71
, Shi Wei
72
, Kathleen Whitney
61
, Mamoun Younes
73
, Sui Zee
55
, Erika R Bracamonte
74
Affiliations
Affiliations
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Boston, MA, USA. jlennerz@partners.org.
- 2 University of Michigan Health, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- 3 Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Anatomical Pathology, Royal Oaks, MI, USA.
- 4 University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, Section of Cytopathology, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 5 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology Service, New York, NY, USA.
- 6 The University of Vermont Medical Center, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Surgical Pathology, Burlington, VT, USA.
- 7 University of California San Francisco, Department of Pathology, Cytopathology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- 8 University of Michigan Health, Department of Pathology, Genitourinary Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Histology Laboratory, and Image Analysis, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- 9 University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Omaha, NE, USA.
- 10 Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 11 Pathology at UMass Chan Medical School, Baystate Health Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Springfield, MA, USA.
- 12 Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cytopathology and Anatomic Pathology/Cytopathology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- 13 University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology Laboratory Operations, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- 14 University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Vice Chair, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Anatomic Pathology, Rochester, NY, USA.
- 15 Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology and Cytopathology, Hershey, PA, USA.
- 16 Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Clinical Pathology, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- 17 Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Services, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- 18 Grady Memorial Hospital, Anatomic Pathology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- 19 University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Breast Pathology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 20 University of Utah, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- 21 University of Miami Health System, Department of Pathology, Division of Hematopathology, Miami, FL, USA.
- 22 The University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology Informatics, Chicago, IL, USA.
- 23 State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Upstate University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- 24 Northwell Health, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Greenvale, NY, USA.
- 25 University of California San Diego Health, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, San Diego, CA, USA.
- 26 Stroger Hospital of Cook County Health, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Surgical Pathology, Chicago, IL, USA.
- 27 Brigham & Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Boston, MA, USA.
- 28 of Onco-Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- 29 Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- 30 Tower Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, West Reading, PA, USA.
- 31 Dalhousie University, Department of Pathology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
- 32 University of California San Francisco, Moffitt-Long Hospital, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- 33 University of California Davis Health, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Davis, CA, USA.
- 34 Tulane University School of Medicine, Lakeside Hospital Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- 35 Hospital Corporation of America, Pathology and Lab Services, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- 36 Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Boston, MA, USA.
- 37 University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA.
- 38 Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Haven, CT, USA.
- 39 Temple University Hospital/Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Anatomic Pathology/Cytology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 40 University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- 41 Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Breast & Women's Health, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- 42 University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology and Anatomic Pathology Quality Management, Aurora, CO, USA.
- 43 University of Minnesota, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Minneapolis, MI, USA.
- 44 University of California San Francisco, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- 45 University of Kentucky, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
- 46 University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Surgical Pathology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 47 Stanford Medicine/Stanford Health Care/Stanford Medicine Children's Health, Surgical Pathology, Stanford, CA, USA.
- 48 The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Heersink School of Medicine, Department of Pathology Anatomic Pathology, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 49 Duke University, Department of Pathology, Translational Research, Durham, NC, USA.
- 50 Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology & Molecular Pathology, Torrance, CA, USA.
- 51 University of Illinois Health at Chicago, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Chicago, IL, USA.
- 52 Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Surgical Pathology, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- 53 Allegheny Health Network (AHN), Allegheny General Hospital (Primary), AHN Wexford Hospital, Allegheny Pathology Associates, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Surgical Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- 54 UT Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Dallas, TX, USA.
- 55 New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, Department of Pathology, New York, NY, USA.
- 56 University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Health, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Clinical and Laboratory Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- 57 Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Boston, MA, USA.
- 58 Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Anatomic Pathology, New York, NY, USA.
- 59 Loyola University Medical Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Surgical Pathology, Maywood, IL, USA.
- 60 The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Pathology-Lab Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- 61 Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Anatomic Pathology, Bronx, NY, USA.
- 62 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- 63 Mayo Clinic, Department of Pathology, Cytopathology, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- 64 University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Anatomic Pathology, Miami, FL, USA.
- 65 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Breast Oncologic Pathology, Boston, MA, USA.
- 66 Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Anatomic Pathology, Houston, TX, USA.
- 67 Medical University of South Carolina, College of Medicine, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Anatomic Pathology, Charleston, SC, USA.
- 68 Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology and Clinical Affairs, Boston, MA, USA.
- 69 UMass Memorial Health, UMass Chan Medical School, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Worcester, MA, USA.
- 70 University of California Irvine Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Orange, CA, USA.
- 71 Beaumont Health, Surgical Pathology, Royal Oak, MI, USA.
- 72 University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
- 73 The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Washington, DC, USA.
- 74 University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- PMID: 36266514
- DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02040-6
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Ensuring remote diagnostics for pathologists: an open letter to the US Congress
Jochen K Lennerz et al.
Nat Med.
2022 Dec.
Display options
Format
doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-02040-6.
Authors
Jochen K Lennerz
1
, Liron Pantanowitz
2
, Mitual B Amin
3
, Isam-Eldin Eltoum
4
, Meera R Hameed
5
, Alexana N Kalof
6
, Elham Khanafshar
7
, Lakshmi P Kunju
8
, Audrey J Lazenby
9
, Kathleen T Montone
10
, Christopher N Otis
11
, Michelle D Reid
12
, Paul N Staats
13
, Christa L Whitney-Miller
14
, Catherine S Abendroth
15
, Manju Aron
16
, George G Birdsong
17
18
, Ira J Bleiweiss
19
, Mary P Bronner
20
, Jennifer Chapman
21
, Nicole A Cipriani
22
, Gustavo de la Roza
23
, Michael J Esposito
24
, Oluwole Fadare
25
, Karen Ferrer
26
, Christopher D Fletcher
27
28
, David P Frishberg
29
, Fernando U Garcia
30
, Laurette Geldenhuys
31
, Ryan M Gill
32
, Dorina Gui
33
, Shams Halat
34
, Omar Hameed
35
, Jason L Hornick
36
, Aaron R Huber
37
, Dhanpat Jain
38
, Nirag Jhala
39
, Merce Jorda
40
, Julie M Jorns
41
, Jeffrey Kaplan
42
, Mahmoud A Khalifa
43
, Ashraf Khan
11
, Grace E Kim
44
, Eun Y Lee
45
, Virginia A LiVolsi
46
, Teri Longacre
47
, Cristina Magi-Galluzzi
48
, Shannon J McCall
49
, Laron McPhaul
50
, Vikas Mehta
51
, Mihai Merzianu
52
, Stacey B Miller
53
, Kyle H Molberg
54
, Andre L Moreira
55
, Bita V Naini
56
, Vania Nosé
57
, Kathleen O'Toole
58
, Maria Picken
59
, Victor G Prieto
60
, James M Pullman
61
, Charles M Quick
62
, Jordan P Reynolds
63
, Andrew E Rosenberg
64
, Stuart J Schnitt
36
65
, Mary R Schwartz
66
, Marin Sekosan
26
, Michael T Smith
67
, Aliyah Sohani
68
, Anne Stowman
6
, Vijay K Vanguri
69
, Beverly Wang
70
, John C Watts
71
, Shi Wei
72
, Kathleen Whitney
61
, Mamoun Younes
73
, Sui Zee
55
, Erika R Bracamonte
74
Affiliations
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Boston, MA, USA. jlennerz@partners.org.
- 2 University of Michigan Health, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- 3 Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Anatomical Pathology, Royal Oaks, MI, USA.
- 4 University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, Section of Cytopathology, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 5 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology Service, New York, NY, USA.
- 6 The University of Vermont Medical Center, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Surgical Pathology, Burlington, VT, USA.
- 7 University of California San Francisco, Department of Pathology, Cytopathology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- 8 University of Michigan Health, Department of Pathology, Genitourinary Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Histology Laboratory, and Image Analysis, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- 9 University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Omaha, NE, USA.
- 10 Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 11 Pathology at UMass Chan Medical School, Baystate Health Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Springfield, MA, USA.
- 12 Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cytopathology and Anatomic Pathology/Cytopathology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- 13 University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology Laboratory Operations, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- 14 University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Vice Chair, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Anatomic Pathology, Rochester, NY, USA.
- 15 Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology and Cytopathology, Hershey, PA, USA.
- 16 Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Clinical Pathology, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- 17 Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Services, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- 18 Grady Memorial Hospital, Anatomic Pathology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- 19 University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Breast Pathology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 20 University of Utah, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- 21 University of Miami Health System, Department of Pathology, Division of Hematopathology, Miami, FL, USA.
- 22 The University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology Informatics, Chicago, IL, USA.
- 23 State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Upstate University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- 24 Northwell Health, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Greenvale, NY, USA.
- 25 University of California San Diego Health, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, San Diego, CA, USA.
- 26 Stroger Hospital of Cook County Health, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Surgical Pathology, Chicago, IL, USA.
- 27 Brigham & Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Boston, MA, USA.
- 28 of Onco-Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- 29 Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- 30 Tower Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, West Reading, PA, USA.
- 31 Dalhousie University, Department of Pathology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
- 32 University of California San Francisco, Moffitt-Long Hospital, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- 33 University of California Davis Health, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Davis, CA, USA.
- 34 Tulane University School of Medicine, Lakeside Hospital Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- 35 Hospital Corporation of America, Pathology and Lab Services, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- 36 Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Boston, MA, USA.
- 37 University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA.
- 38 Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Haven, CT, USA.
- 39 Temple University Hospital/Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Anatomic Pathology/Cytology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 40 University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- 41 Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Breast & Women's Health, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- 42 University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology and Anatomic Pathology Quality Management, Aurora, CO, USA.
- 43 University of Minnesota, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Minneapolis, MI, USA.
- 44 University of California San Francisco, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- 45 University of Kentucky, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
- 46 University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Surgical Pathology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 47 Stanford Medicine/Stanford Health Care/Stanford Medicine Children's Health, Surgical Pathology, Stanford, CA, USA.
- 48 The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Heersink School of Medicine, Department of Pathology Anatomic Pathology, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 49 Duke University, Department of Pathology, Translational Research, Durham, NC, USA.
- 50 Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology & Molecular Pathology, Torrance, CA, USA.
- 51 University of Illinois Health at Chicago, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Chicago, IL, USA.
- 52 Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Surgical Pathology, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- 53 Allegheny Health Network (AHN), Allegheny General Hospital (Primary), AHN Wexford Hospital, Allegheny Pathology Associates, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Surgical Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- 54 UT Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Dallas, TX, USA.
- 55 New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, Department of Pathology, New York, NY, USA.
- 56 University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Health, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Clinical and Laboratory Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- 57 Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Boston, MA, USA.
- 58 Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Anatomic Pathology, New York, NY, USA.
- 59 Loyola University Medical Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Surgical Pathology, Maywood, IL, USA.
- 60 The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Pathology-Lab Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- 61 Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Anatomic Pathology, Bronx, NY, USA.
- 62 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- 63 Mayo Clinic, Department of Pathology, Cytopathology, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- 64 University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Anatomic Pathology, Miami, FL, USA.
- 65 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Breast Oncologic Pathology, Boston, MA, USA.
- 66 Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Anatomic Pathology, Houston, TX, USA.
- 67 Medical University of South Carolina, College of Medicine, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Anatomic Pathology, Charleston, SC, USA.
- 68 Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology and Clinical Affairs, Boston, MA, USA.
- 69 UMass Memorial Health, UMass Chan Medical School, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Worcester, MA, USA.
- 70 University of California Irvine Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Orange, CA, USA.
- 71 Beaumont Health, Surgical Pathology, Royal Oak, MI, USA.
- 72 University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
- 73 The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Washington, DC, USA.
- 74 University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- PMID: 36266514
- DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02040-6
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References
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- US Department of Health & Human Services (HHS), Center for Clinical Standards and Quality/Survey & Certification Group Ref: QSO-20-21-CLIA. Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Laboratory Guidance During COVID-19 Public Health Emergency (March 26, 2020); https://www.cms.gov/files/document/qso-20-21-clia.pdf-0 (accessed 7 September 2022).
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- Furness, P. N. & Bamford, W. M. Curr. Diagn. Pathol. 7, 281–291 (2001). - DOI
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- Dietz, R. L. et al. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 153, 198–209 (2020). - DOI
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- HHS. Fiscal Year 2023: Budget in Brief; https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2023-budget-in-brief.pdf (accessed 7 September 2022).
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- US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Strategic Plan; https://www.cms.gov/ (accessed 7 September 2022).
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