Gut dysbiosis and metabolic diseases

Abstract

Disruption in the composition of the gut microbial flora, the so-called gut dysbiosis, has been associated with and pathogenically implicated in a number of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as well as atherosclerosis. We describe the key finding in this domain in terms of the gut dysbiotic effects of obesogenic diets linked to metabolic dysregulations, the cross-talk between host genetics and gut ecology in preclinical models of metabolic syndrome as well as in humans, effect of circadian rhythm on gut microbiome, the regulation of systemic immunocellular response, participating in the metabolic disorder-associated systemic inflammation, by gut microbiome and metabolites derived from them. Finally, we collate the evidence gathered till date on specific gut dysbiotic features documented in different components of metabolic syndrome in humans. Understanding gut dysbiosis in metabolic syndrome offers new insights into the pathogenesis of the specific clinical contexts as well as provide potential new therapeutic targets that warrant further exploration.

Keywords: Atherosclerosis; Gut microbiome; Immune cells; Inflammation; Metabolic syndrome; Metabolites; NAFLD; NASH; Type 2 diabetes.