Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023:8:3-11.
doi: 10.1016/j.cnp.2022.09.005. Epub 2022 Oct 17.

The clinical neurophysiology of COVID-19-direct infection, long-term sequelae and para-immunization responses: A literature review

M Ayman Haykal  1 , Daniel L Menkes  1
Affiliations
Review

The clinical neurophysiology of COVID-19-direct infection, long-term sequelae and para-immunization responses: A literature review

M Ayman Haykal et al. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2023.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic resulting from the SARS-CoV-2 virus is in its third year. There is continuously evolving information regarding its pathophysiology and its effects on the nervous system. Clinical neurophysiology techniques are commonly employed to assess for neuroanatomical localization and/or defining the spectrum of neurological illness. There is an evolving body of literature delineating the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the nervous system as well as para-immunization responses to vaccination against this virus. This review focuses on the use of neurophysiological diagnostic modalities in the evaluation of potential acute and long-term neurological complications in patients that experience direct infection with SARS-CoV-2 and analyzes those reports of para-immunization responses to vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The neurophysiological modalities to be discussed include electroencephalography (EEG), evoked potentials (EPs), nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG/NCV), autonomic function tests, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD).

Keywords: COVID-19; EEG; EMG; Evoked potentials; NCV; Neurophysiology.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Comment in

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Abdo-Cuza A.A., Hall-Smith C., Suarez-Lopez J., Castellanos-Gutierrez R., Blanco-Gonzalez M.A., Machado-Martinez R., Pi-Avila J., Gomez-Peire F., Espinosa-Nodarse N., Lopez-Gonzalez J.C. Cerebral hemodynamic reserve abnormalities detected via transcranial doppler ultrasound in recovered COVID-19 patients. MEDICC Rev. 2022;24:28–31. doi: 10.37757/MR2022.V24.N1.3. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Abdullahi A., Candan S.A., Abba M.A., Bello A.H., Alshehri M.A., Afamefuna Victor E., Umar N.A., Kundakci B. Neurological and musculoskeletal features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Neurol. 2020;11:687. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00687. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Abrams R.M.C., Simpson D.M., Navis A., Jette N., Zhou L., Shin S.C. Small fiber neuropathy associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Muscle Nerve. 2022;65:440–443. doi: 10.1002/mus.27458. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Adamczyk-Sowa M., Mado H., Kubicka-Baczyk K., Jaroszewicz J., Sobala-Szczygiel B., Bartman W., Sowa P. SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 in multiple sclerosis patients receiving disease-modifying therapy. Clin. Neurol Neurosurg. 2021;201 doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106451. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Agergaard J., Leth S., Pedersen T.H., Harbo T., Blicher J.U., Karlsson P., Ostergaard L., Andersen H., Tankisi H. Myopathic changes in patients with long-term fatigue after COVID-19. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2021;132:1974–1981. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.04.009. - DOI - PMC - PubMed