Cytokine database of stress and metabolic disorders (CdoSM): a connecting link between stress and cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes and obesity

Abstract

The risk of metabolic diseases is greatly increased by both chronic and acute stress. Irrespective of the cause, chronic or acute stress has the capacity to alter an individual's cytokine profile. For instance, it has been observed that stress significantly increased concentrations of IL 1 beta, IL 6 and TNF alpha. Alteration in cytokine profiles increase the likelihood of dysregulated metabolism, which subsequently acts as a driving force in the development of disorders, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Considering the dynamic and versatile role of cytokines in health and disease, an in-depth computational analysis (qualitative and quantitative) was performed to study the role of cytokines as an immuno-molecular link between rising stress levels and an increase in CVD, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Upon a qualitative comparative analysis of cytokine profiles, a total of 14 cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-10, etc.) were observed to be commonly involved in stress and aforementioned four metabolic disorders. Further analysis of quantitative studies has revealed that the cytokine profile for coronary artery disease (CAD) showed remarkable increase in a couple of cytokines. IL 9 registered an increase of 67 percent to reach a concentration of 75 pg/mL. IL 3, on the other hand, was absent in control candidates but reached 56 ± 14 pg/mL in CAD patients. In case of diabetes, IFN-gamma showed an increase of 290 pg/mL. For obesity it was observed that both MCP-1 and IL-1 beta fell by 12.2 pg/mL to reach 44.4 pg/mL in obese patients. A fall of approximately 50 pg/mL was observed in the concentration of VEGF in obese patients. Similarly, hypertension was marked by reduction in concentration of several cytokines - MCP-1 and VEGF being a couple of them. Apart from performing an analysis of cytokine profiles, an innovative database [Cytokine database of Stress and Metabolic disorders (CdoSM)-https://www.akbi-nsut.co.in/] has also been created comprising cytokines involved in stress and the aforementioned metabolic disorders. Upon accessing the database, a user can find the list cytokines associated with a particular condition along with information on cytokine receptor/s; related research articles; cytokine concentration in control v/s diseased candidates for some specific cytokines and the Uniprot ID for the respective cytokine. Database can be accessed by the link-https://www.akbi-nsut.co.in/.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03375-0.

Keywords: Biomarker; Comparative analysis; Inflammation; Interleukins; Metabolic disorders.

Fig. 1

Depicting classification of cytokines (Cameron and Kelvin 2000)

Fig. 2

Workflow comprising data mining, data review, data processing and data analysis

Fig. 3

Steps for creating the database search webpage

Fig. 4

A Analysis of cytokine profile for stress v/s cardiovascular disease (CVD). B Analysis of cytokine profile for stress v/s hypertension. C Analysis of cytokine profile for stress v/s diabetes.; D) Analysis of cytokine profile for stress v/s obesity. *Table 2 in Sect. S.6 of Supplementary File contains cytokines exclusive to and cytokines shared by cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes, obesity with respect to stress. (Heberle et al. 2015)

Fig. 5

Commonalities and exclusivities in the cytokine profiles of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity and stress. *Table 3 in Sect. S.6 of Supplementary File provides an elaborate list of commonalities and exclusivities in the cytokine profiles of cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes, obesity and stress with respect to one another. (Heberle et al. 2015)

Fig. 6

Representation of cytokines common to cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes, obesity and stress

Fig. 7

Representing exclusive cytokines in cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes, obesity and stress. *Total of 252 cytokines were considered in this study; this exclusive nature of cytokine is with respect to the other four conditions

Fig. 8

A Comparison of cytokine concentrations in control candidates and coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. B Comparison of cytokine concentrations in control candidates and angina patients. C Comparison of cytokine concentrations in control candidates and Chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. D Comparison of cytokine concentrations in control candidates and Acute myocardial infraction (AMI) patients. E Comparison of cytokine concentrations in control candidates and hypertensive patients. F Comparison of cytokine concentrations in control candidates and diabetic patients. G Comparison of cytokine concentrations in control candidates and the obese. H Comparison of cytokine concentrations in control candidates and Metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients (Tool used for creating bar charts-Infogram https://infogram.com/)

Fig. 9

Overview of cytokine database of stress and metabolic disorder (CdoSM)