Natural cell based biomimetic cellular transformers for targeted therapy of digestive system cancer

Abstract

Digestive system cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the world. Although cancer treatment options are increasingly diversified, the mortality rate of malignant cancer of the digestive system remains high. Therefore, it is necessary to explore effective cancer treatment methods. Recently, biomimetic nanoparticle delivery systems based on natural cells that organically integrate the low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, cancer targeting, and controllable, versatile functionality of smart nanocarrier design with natural cells have been expected to break through the bottleneck of tumor targeted therapy. In this review, we focus on the dynamic changes and complex cellular communications that occur in vivo in natural cells based vehicles. Recent studies on the development of advanced targeted drug delivery systems using the dynamic behaviors such as specific surface protein affinity, morphological changes, and phenotypic polarization of natural cells are summarized. In addition to drug delivery mediated by dynamic behavior, functional "delivery" based on the natural cell themselves is also involved. Aiming to make the best use of the functions of cells, providing clues for the development of advanced drug delivery platforms.

Keywords: Biomimetic cellular transformers; Cancer targeting; Digestive system cancer; Natural cell; Transformation.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of biomimetic cellular transformers.

Figure 2

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Figure 3

Schematic illustration showing the chemotaxis-driven delivery of NPNs for complete eradication of tumors post-phototherapy. #1a The released G-CSF and GM-CSF increased neutrophil production from bone marrow. #1b The released CXCL1 and MIP-2 broadcasted the location of the inflamed tumor. #2 Neutrophils entered the blood circulation and encountered the injected NPNs. #3 Neutrophils sensed NPNs with the recognition of LPS and lipoprotein by TLRs and subsequently engulfed them. #4 Neutrophils laden with NPNs were recruited into the tumor site in response to the chemokine gradient through the following cascade: adhesion, crawling and transmigration. #5 NPNs were released from neutrophils to kill tumor cells along with the formation of NETs in the inflamed tumor. Adapted with permission from . Copyright Year 2020, Springer Nature.

Figure 4

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Figure 5

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Figure 6

Schematic Illustration of the Bioengineering Process of Functionalized OMV-Coated Polymeric Micelles and Their Proposed Mechanism of Immunotherapy for Protective Immunity, Cancer Treatment, and Metastasis Preventiona. Adapted with permission from . Copyright Year 2020, American Chemical Society.

Figure 7

Schematic design of drug-loaded PM-NV for targeting and sequential drug delivery. Adapted with permission from . Copyright Year 2015, Wiley-VCH GmbH.

Figure 8

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Figure 9

Schematic illustration of platelet membrane-camouflaged magnetic nanoparticles for ferroptosis-enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Adapted with permission from . Copyright Year 2020, Wiley-VCH GmbH.

Figure 10

Schematic illustration of N3-labeled T cell membrane-biomimetic nanoparticles with dual-targeting mechanism for highly efficient photothermal therapy. Adapted with permission from . Copyright Year 2019, Wiley-VCH GmbH.

Figure 11

Schematic diagram of the construction of bionic cascaded-enzyme nanoreactor and proposed mechanism in vivo. Adapted with permission from . Copyright Year 2021, Springer Nature.