Advancements in Anaphylaxis Management

Abstract

Anaphylaxis is defined as a severe life-threatening, generalized or systemic hypersensitivity reaction. Yet, anaphylaxis is often difficult to diagnose, leading to a delay in applying appropriate management. Epinephrine is the medication of choice for the immediate treatment of anaphylaxis. The rest of the actions to be taken during the acute anaphylaxis episode, including administering other medications, will depend on the response to epinephrine. Epinephrine auto-injectors (EAI) are the preferred method for administering the treatment of anaphylaxis in the community setting. However, there are multiple potential barriers to using epinephrine during an anaphylactic reaction related to the physicians and the patients themselves. Strategies to overcome gaps in the acute management of anaphylaxis include novel injection devices and research of new routes for epinephrine delivery. Electronic health solutions may also have a role at this level. Long-term management of anaphylaxis is focused on the prevention of new episodes. Etiologic diagnosis and patient education are key to this end. The application of health information technologies, such as telemedicine, social media, and mobile health, can be helpful for the long-term management of anaphylaxis. Additionally, some patients may benefit from long-term immunomodulatory and etiologic treatments when allergen avoidance implies negative consequences. This review article addresses the most recent advances regarding the integral management of anaphylaxis, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures.

Keywords: Adrenaline; allergy; anaphylaxis; epinephrine; hypersensitivity; therapeutics.