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. 2022 Oct;33(10):e13860.
doi: 10.1111/pai.13860.

Chilblains outbreak during COVID-19 pandemic: A Type-I interferonopathy?

Anna Mensa-Vilaró  1   2 , Asunción Vicente  3 , Marta Español-Rego  1 , Jordi Antón  4   5   6 , Virginia Fabregat  1 , Claudia Fortuny  7 , Europa Azucena González  1 , Victoria Fumadó  7 , Eva González-Roca  1 , Cristina Jou  6   8 , Susana Plaza  1 , Juan Manuel Mosquera  4 , Jordi Yagüe  1   2   5 , Carolina Prat  3 , Mariona Pascal  1   2 , Manel Juan  1   2   5 , Juan I Arostegui  1   2   5 , Eulalia Baselga  3 , Laia Alsina  5   6   9   10
Affiliations

Chilblains outbreak during COVID-19 pandemic: A Type-I interferonopathy?

Anna Mensa-Vilaró et al. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2022 Oct.
No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Skin lesions observed in patients. (A) Bilateral purple to red, chilblain‐like lesions on toes. (B) Central darkening could be seen in some lesions. (C) Violaceous discoloration could also occur on the hands. (D) Lesions could also be present on heels and could become necrotic or bullous.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Type‐I IFN signature of COVID‐toes patients (n: 24) compared with healthy controls (HC; n: 26) and monogenic type‐I interferonopathies (disease control, DC; n: 6). Panel A. 28‐IRG score of COVID‐toes patients, HC and DC. Patients with COVID‐toes show no statistically significant differences in IFN Z‐score compared with HC and differ from DC patients. Panel B. 28‐IRG score of COVID‐toes patients clustered according to the duration of chilblains at evaluation, HC and DC. Patients with COVID‐toes evaluated before 7 days of onset of the skin lesions show statistical increase in 28‐IRG score compared with patients who started later than 7 days. Horizontal dotted line represents the cutoff of 28‐IRG score (≥1.7) from which we considered a positive IFN score. 28‐IRG was calculated following previous publication J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 38:171–185. Data are presented as scattered dot plots; the horizontal bar represents the mean, and the whiskers represent the standard error of mean. Only statistically significant differences are depicted. ** denotes p < .01. ns, not significant.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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