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. 2022 Oct 25;10(10):CD001141.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001141.pub6.

Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies

Anna Gavine  1 , Shona C Shinwell  1 , Phyll Buchanan  2 , Albert Farre  1 , Angela Wade  3 , Fiona Lynn  4 , Joyce Marshall  5 , Sara E Cumming  1   6 , Shadrach Dare  1 , Alison McFadden  1
Affiliations

Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies

Anna Gavine et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: There is extensive evidence of important health risks for infants and mothers related to not breastfeeding. In 2003, the World Health Organization recommended that infants be breastfed exclusively until six months of age, with breastfeeding continuing as an important part of the infant's diet until at least two years of age. However, current breastfeeding rates in many countries do not reflect this recommendation.

Objectives: 1. To describe types of breastfeeding support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. 2. To examine the effectiveness of different types of breastfeeding support interventions in terms of whether they offered only breastfeeding support or breastfeeding support in combination with a wider maternal and child health intervention ('breastfeeding plus' support). 3. To examine the effectiveness of the following intervention characteristics on breastfeeding support: a. type of support (e.g. face-to-face, telephone, digital technologies, group or individual support, proactive or reactive); b. intensity of support (i.e. number of postnatal contacts); c. person delivering the intervention (e.g. healthcare professional, lay person); d. to examine whether the impact of support varied between high- and low-and middle-income countries.

Search methods: We searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register (which includes results of searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP)) (11 May 2021) and reference lists of retrieved studies.

Selection criteria: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing extra support for healthy breastfeeding mothers of healthy term babies with usual maternity care. Support could be provided face-to-face, over the phone or via digital technologies. All studies had to meet the trustworthiness criteria. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth methods. Two review authors independently selected trials, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias and study trustworthiness. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.

Main results: This updated review includes 116 trials of which 103 contribute data to the analyses. In total more than 98,816 mother-infant pairs were included. Moderate-certainty evidence indicated that 'breastfeeding only' support probably reduced the number of women stopping breastfeeding for all primary outcomes: stopping any breastfeeding at six months (Risk Ratio (RR) 0.93, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.89 to 0.97); stopping exclusive breastfeeding at six months (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.93); stopping any breastfeeding at 4-6 weeks (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.97); and stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 4-6 (RR 0.83 95% CI 0.76 to 0.90). Similar findings were reported for the secondary breastfeeding outcomes except for any breastfeeding at two months and 12 months when the evidence was uncertain if 'breastfeeding only' support helped reduce the number of women stopping breastfeeding. The evidence for 'breastfeeding plus' was less consistent. For primary outcomes there was some evidence that 'breastfeeding plus' support probably reduced the number of women stopping any breastfeeding (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.97, moderate-certainty evidence) or exclusive breastfeeding at six months (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.90). 'Breastfeeding plus' interventions may have a beneficial effect on reducing the number of women stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 4-6 weeks, but the evidence is very uncertain (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.95). The evidence suggests that 'breastfeeding plus' support probably results in little to no difference in the number of women stopping any breastfeeding at 4-6 weeks (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.08, moderate-certainty evidence). For the secondary outcomes, it was uncertain if 'breastfeeding plus' support helped reduce the number of women stopping any or exclusive breastfeeding at any time points. There were no consistent findings emerging from the narrative synthesis of the non-breastfeeding outcomes (maternal satisfaction with care, maternal satisfaction with feeding method, infant morbidity, and maternal mental health), except for a possible reduction of diarrhoea in intervention infants. We considered the overall risk of bias of trials included in the review was mixed. Blinding of participants and personnel is not feasible in such interventions and as studies utilised self-report breastfeeding data, there is also a risk of bias in outcome assessment. We conducted meta-regression to explore substantial heterogeneity for the primary outcomes using the following categories: person providing care; mode of delivery; intensity of support; and income status of country. It is possible that moderate levels (defined as 4-8 visits) of 'breastfeeding only' support may be associated with a more beneficial effect on exclusive breastfeeding at 4-6 weeks and six months. 'Breastfeeding only' support may also be more effective in reducing women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) stopping exclusive breastfeeding at six months compared to women in high-income countries (HICs). However, no other differential effects were found and thus heterogeneity remains largely unexplained. The meta-regression suggested that there were no differential effects regarding person providing support or mode of delivery, however, power was limited. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: When 'breastfeeding only' support is offered to women, the duration and in particular, the exclusivity of breastfeeding is likely to be increased. Support may also be more effective in reducing the number of women stopping breastfeeding at three to four months compared to later time points. For 'breastfeeding plus' interventions the evidence is less certain. Support may be offered either by professional or lay/peer supporters, or a combination of both. Support can also be offered face-to-face, via telephone or digital technologies, or a combination and may be more effective when delivered on a schedule of four to eight visits. Further work is needed to identify components of the effective interventions and to deliver interventions on a larger scale.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00717496 NCT02043119 NCT02162498 NCT01474096 NCT01407224.

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Conflict of interest statement

Alison McFadden: has declared that they have no conflict of interest.

Anna Gavine: has declared that they have no conflict of interest.

Angela Wade: has declared that they have no conflict of interest.

Phyll Buchanan: received payment from research grants, NIHR130995 and HRA 10/106/01for writing this review. PB is a volunteer peer supporter with the Breastfeeding Network in the UK and as such I am interested in the effectiveness of such support.

Shona C Shinwell: is a registered midwife. SCS has a flexible contract to work clinically for NHS Tayside.

Fiona Lynn: has declared that they have no conflict of interest.

Joyce Marshall: has declared that they have no conflict of interest.

Shadrach Dare: has declared that they have no conflict of interest.

Albert Farre: has declared that they have no conflict of interest.

Sara Cumming: works as a Midwife at NHS Tayside, Scotland.

Figures

1
1
Applying the trustworthiness screening tool criteria
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
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Study flow diagram
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Breastfeeding only support versus usual care, outcome: 1.1 Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 6 months
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6
Funnel plot of comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care, outcome: 1.2 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months
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7
Funnel plot of comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care, outcome: 1.3 Stopping  breastfeeding (any) at 4‐6 weeks
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Funnel plot of comparison: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care, outcome: 1.4 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 4‐6 weeks
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9
Funnel plot of comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care, outcome: 1.5Stopping  breastfeeding (any) at 2 months
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10
Funnel plot of comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care, outcome: 1.6 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 2 months
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Funnel plot of comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care, outcome: 1.7 Stopping  breastfeeding (any) at 3‐4 months
12
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Funnel plot of comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care, outcome: 1.8 Stopping  breastfeeding at 3‐4 months
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Funnel plot of comparison 2: Breastfeeding plus support versus usual care, outcome: 2.1 Stopping  breastfeeding (any) at 6 months
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Funnel plot of comparison 2: Breastfeeding plus support versus usual care, outcome: 2.2 Stopping  exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months
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Funnel plot of comparison 2: Breastfeeding plus support versus usual care, outcome: 2.6 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding  at 2 months
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Funnel Plot for Outcome 2.8 Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 3‐4 months
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 1: Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 6 months
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 2: Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 3: Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 4‐6 weeks
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 4: Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 4‐6 weeks
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 5: Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 2 months
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 6: Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 2 months
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 7: Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 3‐4 months
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 8: Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 3‐4 months
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 9: Stopping any breastfeeding at 9 months
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Breastfeeding only support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 10: Stopping any breastfeeding at 12 months
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Breastfeeding plus support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 1: Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 6 months
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Breastfeeding plus support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 2: Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Breastfeeding plus support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 3: Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 4‐6 weeks
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Breastfeeding plus support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 4: Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 4‐6 weeks
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Breastfeeding plus support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 5: Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 2 months
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Breastfeeding plus support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 6: Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 2 months
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Breastfeeding plus support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 7: Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 3‐4 months
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: Breastfeeding plus support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 8: Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 3‐4 months
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: Breastfeeding plus support versus usual care 2022, Outcome 9: Stopping any breastfeeding at 12 months
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Comment in

References

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    1. Forster DA, McLachlan HL, Davey MA, Amir LH, Gold L, Small R, et al. Ringing Up about Breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial exploring earlY telephone peer support for breastfeeding (RUBY) - trial protocol. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14(1):177. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Forster DA, McLardie-Hore FE, McLachlan HL, Davey M-A, Grimes HA, Dennis C-L, et al. Proactive Peer (Mother-to-Mother) Breastfeeding Support by Telephone (Ringing up About Breastfeeding Early [RUBY]): a Multicentre, Unblinded, Randomised Controlled Trial. Eclinicalmedicine 2019;8:20-8. [CENTRAL: CN-01962592] [EMBASE: 2001698379] - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN17386721. Does telephone peer support and/or a midwife home visit in the early postnatal period increase breastfeeding duration? Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN17386721 (first received 2004). [CENTRAL: CN-01831617]
    1. McLardie-Hore FE, Forster D, McLachlan H, Shafiei T. Ringing Up about Breastfeeding: outcomes from a randomised controlled trial of telephone peer support for breastfeeding. In: 31st International Confederation of Midwives Triennial Congress. Midwives - Making a Difference in the World; 2017 June 18-22; Toronto, Canada. 2017:Abstract no: E3.03.
Franco‐Antonio 2019 {published data only}
    1. Franco-Antonio C, Calderon-Garcia JF, Vilar-Lopez R, Portillo-Santamaria M, Navas-Perez JF, Cordovilla-Guardia S. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention to improve exclusive breastfeeding rates: study protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2019;75(4):888-97. [CENTRAL: CN-01938302] [EMBASE: 627028055] [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Franco-Antonio C, Calderon-Garciarn JF, Santano-Mogena E, Rico-Martinrn S, Cordovilla-Guardiarn S. Effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention to increase the breastfeeding duration in the first six months postpartum: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2019 ;76(3):888-902. [CENTRAL: CN-02049651] [EMBASE: 630011764] [PMID: ] - PubMed
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    1. NCT03357549. Project to Promotion of Breastfeeding [Effectiveness of an Brief Motivational Intervention to Promote Breastfeeding]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03357549 (first received 2017 Oct 23). [CENTRAL: CN-01566245]
Frank 1987 {published data only}
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Fu 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Fu IC, Fong DY, Heys M, Lee IL, Sham A, Tarrant M. Professional breastfeeding support for first-time mothers: a multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2014;121:1673-84. - PubMed
    1. Kim T-H, Lee H-H, Kim J-M, Kim Y. Re: professional breastfeeding support for first-time mothers: a multi-centre cluster randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2016;123(12):2052. [CENTRAL: CN-01247876] [EMBASE: 612910929] - PubMed
    1. NCT01893736. Professional Breastfeeding Support Intervention [A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Professional Breastfeeding Support Intervention to Increase the Exclusivity and Duration of Breastfeeding]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01893736 (first received 2013 Jun 6). [CENTRAL: CN-01543272]
    1. Tarrant M, Fong DY, Heys M, Lee IL, Sham A, Hui Choi EW. Professional breastfeeding support to increase the exclusivity and duration of breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine 2014;20(6 Suppl 7):34-5. - PubMed
Gagnon 2002 {published data only}
    1. Gagnon AJ, Dougherty G, Jimenez V, Leduc N. Randomized trial of postpartum care after hospital discharge. Pediatrics 2002;109(6):1074-80. - PubMed
Gonzalez‐Darias 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez-Darias A, Diaz-Gomez NM, Rodriguez-Martin S, Hernandez-Perez C, Aguirre-Jaime A. 'Supporting a first-time mother': assessment of success of a breastfeeding promotion programme. Midwifery 2020 ;85:102687. [CENTRAL: CN-02098095] [EMBASE: 631242765] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Greenland 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Greenland K, Chipungu J, Curtis V, Schmidt W-P, Siwale Z, Mudenda M, et al. Multiple behaviour change intervention for diarrhoea control in Lusaka, Zambia: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet Global Health 2016;4(12):e966-77. [CENTRAL: CN-01288683] [EMBASE: 613497824] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Gross 1998 {published data only}
    1. Gross SM, Caulfield LE, Bentley ME, Bronner Y, Kessler L, Jensen J, et al. Counseling and motivational videotapes increase duration of breast-feeding in African-American WIC participants who initiate breast-feeding. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1998;98:143-8. - PubMed
Gross 2016 {published data only}
    1. Gross R, Mendelsohn A, Gross M, Scheinmann R, Messito MJ. Randomized control trial of a primary care based child obesity prevention intervention beginning in pregnancy: impact on infant feeding at age 3 months. In: Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2016 April 30-may 3; Baltimore, USA. 2016:2500.6.
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Grossman 1990 {published data only}
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Hans 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hans SL, Edwards RC, Zhang Y. Randomized controlled trial of doula-home-visiting services: impact on maternal and infant health. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2018;22(Supplement 1):105-13. [CENTRAL: CN-01650829] [EMBASE: 624237872] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hoddinott 2009 {published data only}
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    1. Hoddinott P, Britten J, Prescott GJ, Tappin D, Ludbrook A, Godden DJ. Effectiveness of policy to provide breastfeeding groups (BIG) for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers in primary care: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2009;338:a3026. - PMC - PubMed
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Hoddinott 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hoddinott P, Craig L, MacLennan G, Boyers D, Vale L. Process evaluation for the FEeding Support Team (FEST) randomised controlled feasibility trial of proactive and reactive telephone support for breastfeeding women living in disadvantaged areas. BMJ Open 2012;2(2):e001039. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. ISRCTN27207603. Proactive telephone support for breastfeeding women in disadvantaged areas provided by a postnatal ward feeding support team [Proactive telephone support for breastfeeding women in disadvantaged areas provided by a postnatal ward feeding support team: A nested, pilot, randomised controlled trial]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN27207603 (first received 2010). [CENTRAL: CN-01876500]
Hoffmann 2019 {published data only}
    1. Hoffmann J, Gunther J, Stecher L, Spies M, Meyer D, Kunath J, et al. Effects of a lifestyle intervention in routine care on short- and long-term maternal weight retention and breastfeeding behavior-12 months follow-up of the cluster-randomized gelis trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2019;8(6):E876. [CENTRAL: CN-01980540] [EMBASE: 2002230370] - PMC - PubMed
Hongo 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hongo H, Green J, Shibanuma A, Nanishi K, Jimba M. The influence of breastfeeding peer support on breastfeeding satisfaction among japanese mothers: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Human Lactation 2020;36(2):337-47. [CENTRAL: CN-02229868] [EMBASE: 629156902] [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. UMIN000019626. The effects of breastfeeding peer support on breastfeeding satisfaction among Japanese mothers: a randomized control trial. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000019626 2015. [CENTRAL: CN-01846190]
Hopkinson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hopkinson J, Konefal Gallagher M. Assignment to a hospital-based breastfeeding clinic and exclusive breastfeeding among immigrant Hispanic mothers: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Human Lactation 2009;25(3):287-96. - PubMed
    1. NCT00474422. Hospital-Based Paraprofessional Lactation Clinic [Hospital-Based Paraprofessional Lactation Clinic]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00474422 (first received 2007 May 14). [CENTRAL: CN-02013706]
Huynh 2018 {published data only}
    1. Huynh DT, Tran N, T Nguyen L, Berde Y, L Low Y. Maternal milk supplementation as part of lactation support intervention improves breastfeeding performance, birth and growth outcomes. Journal of Maternal-fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2016;29(Suppl 1):60. [CENTRAL: CN-01214393] [EMBASE: 611869689]
    1. Huynh DT, Tran NT, Nguyen LT, Berde Y, Low YL. Impact of maternal nutritional supplementation in conjunction with abreastfeeding support program on breastfeeding performance, birth, andgrowth outcomes in a Vietnamese population. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2018;31:1586-94. - PubMed
    1. Huynh DT, Tran NT, Nguyen LT, Berde Y, Low YL. Impact of maternal nutritional supplementation in conjunction with a breastfeeding support program on breastfeeding performance, birth, and growth outcomes in a Vietnamese population [Breastfeeding Intervention Study]. Journal of Maternal-fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2017 Apr;31(12):1586-94. [CENTRAL: CN-01628039] [EMBASE: 616059603] [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT02016586. Breastfeeding Intervention Study [Breastfeeding Intervention Study]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02016586 (first received 2013 Nov 29). [CENTRAL: CN-01479880]
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Jolly 2012a {published data only}
    1. Jolly K, IngramL, Freemantle N, Khan K, Chambers J, Hamburger R, et al. Effect of a peer support service on breast-feeding continuation in the UK: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery 2012;28(6):740-5. - PubMed
Ke 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ke J, Ouyang Y, Redding SR. Family-Centered Breastfeeding Education to Promote Primiparas Exclusive breastfeeding in China. Journal of Human Lactation 2018 ;34(2):365-78. [CENTRAL: CN-02081916] [EMBASE: 629180060] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kimani‐Murage 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kimani-Murage EW, Griffiths PL, Wekesah FM, Wanjohi M, Muhia N, Muriuki P, et al. Effectiveness of home-based nutritional counselling and support on exclusive breastfeeding in urban poor settings in Nairobi: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Globalization and Health 2017 ;13(1):90. [CENTRAL: CN-01442959] [EMBASE: 619775781] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kimani‐Murage 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kimani-Murage E, Kimiywe J, Wekesah F, Muriuki P, Wanjohi M, Samburu B, et al. Effectiveness of the baby friendly community initiative on exclusive breastfeeding in rural Kenya. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2017;71(Suppl 2):590-1. [CENTRAL: CN-01428944] [EMBASE: 619276273]
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Kools 2005 {published data only}
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Kramer 2001 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kramer M, Matush L, Vanilovich I, Platt R, Mazer B. Does breastfeeding help prevent asthma and allergy? Evidence from a randomized trial in Belarus. American Journal of Epidemiology 2006;163(Suppl 11):S85.
    1. Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E, Vanilovich I, Platt RW, Matush L, et al. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008;65(5):578-84. - PubMed
    1. Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett E, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Shapiro S, et al. Promotion of breastfeeding intervention trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. JAMA 2001;285(4):413-20. - PubMed
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Kronborg 2007 {published data only}
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Kupratakul 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kupratakul J, Taneepanichskul S, Voramongkol N, Phupong V. A randomized controlled trial of knowledge sharing practice with empowerment strategies in pregnant women to improve exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months postpartum. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2010;93(9):1009-18. - PubMed
Kurdi 2020 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kurdi S, Figueroa JL, Ibrahim H. Nutritional training in a humanitarian context: evidence from a cluster randomized trial. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2020;16(3):e12973. [CENTRAL: CN-02099152] [EMBASE: 2004412609] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Labarere 2005 {published data only}
    1. Labarere J, Gelbert-Baudino N, Ayral AS, Duc C, Berchotteau M, Bouchon N, et al. Efficacy of breastfeeding support provided by trained clinicians during an early, routine, preventive visit: a prospective, randomized, open trial of 226 mother-infant pairs. Pediatrics 2005;115(2):e139-46. - PubMed
Laliberte 2016 {published data only}
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Leite 2005 {published data only}
    1. Leite AJ, Puccini RF, Atallah AN, Alves da Cunha AL, Machado MT. Effectiveness of home-based peer counselling to promote breastfeeding in the northeast of Brazil: a randomised clinical trial. Acta Paediatrica 2005;94:741-6. - PubMed
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Linares 2019 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Linares AM, Cartagena D, Rayens MK. Las Dos Cosas versus exclusive breastfeeding: a culturally and linguistically exploratory intervention study in Hispanic mothers Living in Kentucky. Journal of Pediatric Health Care 2019;33(6):e46-56. [CENTRAL: CN-02180114] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Lok 2021 {published data only}
    1. Lok KY-W, Chow CL, Shing JSY, Smith R, Lam CCO, Bick D, et al. Feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of an innovative postnatal home-based breastfeeding peer support programme in Hong Kong: a feasibility and pilot randomised controlled trial. International Breastfeeding Journal 2021;16(1):34. [EMBASE: 634806927] - PMC - PubMed
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Lucchini 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lucchini C, Uribe TC, Villarroel PL, Rojas RA. Randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating determinants of successful breastfeeding: follow-up two months after comprehensive intervention versus standard care delivery [Determinantes para una lactancia materna exitosa: Intervencion integral vs cuidado estandar. Ensayo clinico aleatorio controlado]. Revista Chilena de Pediatria 2013;84(2):138-44.
Lutenbacher 2018 {published data only}
    1. Lutenbacher M, Elkins T, Dietrich MS, Riggs A. The efficacy of using peer mentors to improve maternal and infant health outcomes in hispanic families: findings from a randomized clinical trial. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2018;22(Supplement 1):92-104. [CENTRAL: CN-01650830] [EMBASE: 624237142] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
M'Liria 2020 {published data only}
    1. M'Liria JK, Kimiywe J, Ochola S. Impact of mother-to-mother support groups in promoting exclusive breastfeeding in alLow-resource rural community in Kenya: a randomized controlled trial. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 2020;8:609-621.
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Martinez‐Brockman 2018 {published data only}
    1. Harari N, Rosenthal MS, Bozzi V, Goeschel L, Jayewickreme T, Onyebeke C, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of a text message intervention used as an adjunct tool by WIC breastfeeding peer counsellors: the LATCH pilot. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2018;14(1):e12488. [CENTRAL: CN-01622102] [EMBASE: 617647906] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Martinez-Brockman JL, Harari N, Perez-Escamilla R. Lactation advice through texting can help: an analysis of intensity of engagement via two-way text messaging. Journal of Health Communication 2018;23(1):40-51. [CENTRAL: CN-01976482] [EMBASE: 629068576] [PMID: ] - PubMed
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McDonald 2010 {published data only}
    1. McDonald SJ, Henderson JJ, Evans SF, Faulkner S, Hagan R. Effect of an extended midwifery support program on the duration of breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. [abstract]. In: Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand 7th Annual Congress; 2003 March 9-12; Tasmania, Australia. 2003:A68.
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McKeever 2002 {published data only}
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McLachlan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Cramer RL, McLachlan HL, Shafiei T, Amir LH, Cullinane M, Small R, et al. Implementation and evaluation of community-based drop-in centres for breastfeeding support in Victoria, Australia. International Breastfeeding Journal 2017;12:46. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Forster D, Mclachlan H. Supporting breastfeeding in local communities (SILC): a cluster randomised controlled trial in Victoria, Australia. In: International Confederation of Midwives 30th Triennial Congress. Midwives: Improving Women’s Health; 2014 June 1-4; Prague, Czech Republic. ACTRN12611000898954 edition. 2014:C138.
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    1. McLachlan HL, Forster DA, Amir LH, Cullinane M, Shafiei T, Watson LF, et al. Supporting breastfeeding in local communities (silc) in Victoria, Australia: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2016;6(2):e008292. - PMC - PubMed
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Mejdoubi 2014 {published data only}
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Menon 2016a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Menon P, Nguyen PH, Saha KK, Khaled A, Kennedy A, Tran LM, et al. Impacts on breastfeeding practices of at-scale strategies that combine intensive interpersonal counseling, mass media, and community mobilization: results of cluster-randomized program evaluations in Bangladesh and Vietnam. PLOS Medicine 2016;13(10):e1002159. [CENTRAL: CN-01368523] [EMBASE: 613127768] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Menon 2016b {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Menon P, Nguyen PH, Saha KK, Khaled A, Kennedy A, Tran LM, et al. Impacts on breastfeeding practices of at-scale strategies that combine intensive interpersonal counseling, mass media, and community mobilization: results of cluster-randomized program evaluations in Bangladesh and Vietnam. PLOS Medicine 2016 ;13(10):e1002159. - PMC - PubMed
Mituki‐Mungiria 2020 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN34314544. Effects of structured nutrition education on maternal perceptions, and exclusive breastfeeding duration in Kiandutu health centre, Thika - Kenya [Effects of structured nutrition education on maternal perceptions, and exclusive breastfeeding duration in Kiandutu health centre, Thika - Kenya: A cluster randomized controlled study]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN34314544 (first received 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01878648]
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Morrell 2000 {published data only}
    1. Morrell CJ, Spiby H, Stewart P, Walters S, Morgan A. Costs and effectiveness of community postnatal support workers: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2000;321(7261):593-8. - PMC - PubMed
Morrow 1999 {published data only}
    1. Morrow AL, Lourdes Guerrero M, Shults J, Calva JJ, Lutter C, Ruiz-Palacios GM, et al. Efficacy of home-based peer counselling to promote exclusive breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;353(9160):1226-31. - PubMed
    1. Morrow AL, Lourdes Guerrero M. From bio-active substances to research on breastfeeding promotion. In: Newburg, editors(s). Bioactive Components of Human Milk. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001:447-55.
Muirhead 2006 {published data only}
    1. Muirhead PE, Butcher G, Rankin J, Munley A. The effect of a programme of organised and supervised peer support on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a randomised trial. British Journal of General Practice 2006;56(524):191-7. - PMC - PubMed
Nabulsi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Daou D, Tamim H, Nabulsi M. Assessing the impact of professional lactation support frequency, duration and delivery form on exclusive breastfeeding in Lebanese mothers. PLOS One 2020;15:e0238735. [CENTRAL: CN-02193036] [EMBASE: 2007813387] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nabulsi M, Hamadeh H, Tamim H, Kabakian T, Charafeddine L, Yehya N, et al. A complex breastfeeding promotion and support intervention in a developing country: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. BMC Public Health 2014;14:36. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nabulsi M, Tamim H, Shamsedine L, Charafeddine L, Yehya N, Kabakian-Khasholian T, et al. A multi-component intervention to support breastfeeding in Lebanon: a randomized clinical trial. PLOS One 2019;14(6):e0218467. [CENTRAL: CN-01963775] [EMBASE: 2002118202] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Nair 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nair N, Tripathy P, Sachdev HS, Bhattacharyya S, Gope R, Gagrai S, et al. Participatory women's groups and counselling through home visits to improve child growth in rural eastern India: protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2015;15(1):384. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nair N, Tripathy P, Sachdev HS, Pradhan H, Bhattacharyya S, Gope R, et al. Effect of participatory women's groups and counselling through home visits on children's linear growth in rural eastern India (CARING trial): a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. Global Health 2017;5(10):e1004-16. [CENTRAL: CN-01420942] [EMBASE: 618773260] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Nguyen 2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Nguyen P, Kim S, Sanghvi T, Mahmud Z, Tran Mai L, Aktar B, et al. Feasibility and impacts of integrating nutrition interventions into an existing maternal, neonatal, and child health platform in Bangladesh. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2017;71(Suppl 2):298. [CENTRAL: CN-01428864] [EMBASE: 619277210] [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Nguyen P, Sanghvi T, Mahmud Z, Tran L, Shabnam S, Aktar B, et al. Integrating nutrition-focused behavior change communication and community mobilization into existing Maternal, Neonatal and child health platform improved consumption of diversified foods and micronutrients and exclusive breastfeeding practices in Bangladesh: results of a cluster-randomized program evaluation. FASEB Journal April ;31(1 Suppl 1):786-47. [CENTRAL: CN-01762283] [EMBASE: 616959564]
    1. Nguyen PH, Kim SS, Sanghvi T, Mahmud Z, Tran LM, Shabnam S, et al. Integrating nutrition interventions into an existing maternal, neonatal, and child health program increased maternal dietary diversity, micronutrient intake, and exclusive breastfeeding practices in Bangladesh: results of a cluster-randomized program evaluation. Journal of Nutrition 2017;147(12):2326-37. [CENTRAL: CN-01443153] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Nikiema 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nikiema L, Lanou H, Sondo B, Huybregts L, Martin-Prevel Y, Donnen P, et al. Effectiveness of facility-based personalized maternal nutrition counseling in improving child growth and morbidity up to 18 months: a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Burkina Faso. PLOS One 2017;12(5):e0177839. [CENTRAL: CN-01410395] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Nilsson 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT01620723. Evaluation of breastfeeding support after short time hospitalization [Effect Evaluation of a Theory and Evidence Based Programme for Establishing Effective Breastfeeding After Short Time Hospitalization Post Partum]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01620723 (first received 2012 June 15). [CENTRAL: CN-01595738]
    1. Nilsson Ingrid M S, Strandberg-Larsen K, Knight Christopher H, Hansen AV, Kronborg H. Focused breastfeeding counselling improves short- and long-term success in an early-discharge setting: a cluster-randomized study. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2017 ;13(4):e12432. [CENTRAL: CN-01616084] [EMBASE: 614496084] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ochola 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ochola A, Labadarios D, Nduati W. Impact of counselling on exclusive breast-feeding practices in a poor urban setting in Kenya: a randomized controlled trial. Public Health Nutrition 2013;16(10):1732-40. - PMC - PubMed
Ogaji 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ogaji DS, Arthur AO, George I. Effectiveness of mobile phone-based support on exclusive breastfeeding and infant growth in Nigeria: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2020 ;67:fmaa076. [CENTRAL: CN-02230568] [EMBASE: 633789122] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Patel 2018 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2011/06/001822. Effectiveness of cell phone counseling to improve breast feeding indicators. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=3060 Date first received: 21 June 2011.
    1. NCT01383070. Effectiveness of cell phone counseling to improve breast feeding indicators. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01383070 first received 24 June 2011.
    1. Patel A, Kuhite P, Puranik A, Khan SS, Borkar J, Dhande L. Effectiveness of weekly cell phone counselling calls and daily text messages to improve breastfeeding indicators [Effectiveness of weekly cell phone counselling calls and daily text messages to improve breastfeeding indicators]. BMC Pediatrics 2018;18(1):337. [CENTRAL: CN-01925832] [EMBASE: 624781154] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Paul 2012 {published data only}
    1. Paul IM, Beiler JS, Schaefer EW, Hollenbeak CS, Alleman N, Sturgis SA, et al. A randomized trial of single home nursing visits vs office-based care after nursery/maternity discharge: the Nurses for Infants Through Teaching and Assessment After the Nursery (NITTANY) Study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2012;166(3):263-70. - PubMed
    1. Paul IM, Beiler JS, Schaefer EW, Hollenbeak CS, Alleman N, Sturgis SA. A randomized trial of nurse home visits vs. office-based care after nursery/maternity discharge. In: Pediatric Academic Societies and Asian Society for Pediatric Research Joint Meeting; 2011 April 30-May 3; Denver, Colorado, USA. 2011:2300.6.
Petrova 2009 {published data only}
    1. Petrova A, Ayers C, Stechna S, Gerling JA, Mehta R. Effectiveness of exclusive breastfeeding promotion in low-income mothers: a randomized controlled study. Breastfeeding Medicine 2009;4(2):63-9. - PubMed
Porteous 2000 {published data only}
    1. Porteous R, Kaufman K, Rush J. The effect of individualized professional support on duration of breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Human Lactation 2000;16(4):303-8. - PubMed
Prasitwattanaseree 2019 {published data only}
    1. Prasitwattanaseree P, Sinsuksai N, Prasopkittikun T, Viwatwongkasem C. Effectiveness of breastfeeding skills training and support program among first time mothers: a randomized control trial. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research 2019;23(3):258-70.
Pugh 2010 {published data only}
    1. Frick D, Pugh C, Milligan A. Costs related to promoting breastfeeding among urban low-income women. JOGNN: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 2012;41(1):144-51. - PubMed
    1. NCT00608088. Evaluation of a Community Health Nurse/Peer Counselor Program to Help Low-Income Women Breastfeed Longer [Support for Low-Income Breastfeeding: Cost and Outcomes]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00608088 (first received 2008 Jan 24). [CENTRAL: CN-01516843]
    1. Pugh LC, Nanda JP, Frick KD, Sharps PW, Spatz DL, Serwint JR, et al. A randomized controlled community-based trial to improve breastfeeding among urban low-income mothers. Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2007 May 5-8; Toronto, Canada 2007. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pugh LC, Serwint JR, Frick KD, Nanda JP, Sharps PW, Spatz DL, et al. A randomized controlled community-based trial to improve breastfeeding rates among urban low-income mothers. Academic Pediatrics 2010;10(1):14-20. - PMC - PubMed
Puharic 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT01998087. Proactive Breastfeeding Support in First Time Mothers [The Effect of Written Information and Support Phone Calls for First Time Mothers on Breastfeeding Rates: A Randomized Controlled Trial]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01998087 (first received 2013 Nov 22). [CENTRAL: CN-01479384]
    1. Puharic D, Malicki M, Borovac JA, Sparac V, Poljak B, Aracic N, et al. The effect of a combined intervention on exclusive breastfeeding in primiparas: a randomised controlled trial. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2020;16:e12948. [CENTRAL: CN-02074757] [EMBASE: 2004052248] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zakarija-Grkovic I, Puharic D, Malicki M, Hoddinott P. Breastfeeding booklet and proactive phone calls for increasing exclusive breastfeeding rates: RCT protocol. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2017;13(1):e12249. [CENTRAL: CN-01426815] [EMBASE: 609188515] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Quinlivan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Quinlivan JA, Box H, Evans SF. Postnatal home visits in teenage mothers: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361(9361):893-900. - PubMed
Ransjo‐Arvidson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Chintu K, Ng'andu N, Eriksson B, Susu B, Christensson K, et al. Maternal and infant health problems after normal childbirth: a randomised controlled study in Zambia. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 1998;52:385-91. - PMC - PubMed
Redman 1995 {published data only}
    1. Redman S, Watkins J, Evans L, Lloyd D. Evaluation of an Australian intervention to encourage breast feeding in primiparous women. Health Promotion International 1995;10(2):101-13.
Reeder 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02120248. The Effect of Varied Intensities of Breastfeeding Peer Support on Duration of Breastfeeding Among Oregon WIC Participants [The Effect of Varied Intensities of Breastfeeding Peer Support on Duration of Breastfeeding Among Oregon WIC Participants]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02120248 (first received 2014 Apr 17). [CENTRAL: CN-02024867]
    1. Reeder JA, Joyce T, Sibley K, Arnold D, Altindag O. Telephone peer counseling of breastfeeding among WIC participants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2014;134(3):e700-e709. - PMC - PubMed
Salehi Manzar 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20171217037913N1. Effect of motivational interview on exclusive breastfeeding [Effect of motivational interview on exclusive breastfeeding nulliparous women]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20171217037913N1 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01895237]
    1. Salehi manzari F, Mousavi S, Keramat A, Goli SH, Motaghi Z, Hoseini Z. The effect of motivational interviewing on the success of exclusive breastfeeding in Primiparous women: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences 2019;6(4):13-21.
Santiago 2003 {published data only}
    1. Santiago LB, Bettiol H, Barbieri MA, Guttierrez MR, Del Ciampo LA. Promotion of breastfeeding: the importance of pediatricians with specific training [Incentivo ao aleitamento materno: a importancia do pediatra com treinamento especifico]. Jornal de Pediatria 2003;79(6):504-12. - PubMed
Sellen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kamau-Mbuthia E, Mbugua S, Webb Girard A, Kalungu S, Sarange C, Lou W, et al. Cell phone based peer counseling to support exclusive breastfeeding is associated with more frequent help and decreased breastfeeding problems. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):196-7, Abstract no: O079.
    1. Mbugua S, Kamau-Mbuthia E, Webb A, Kalungu S, Sarange C, Lou W, et al. Process indicators for a randomized trial of cell phone based peer counseling to support exclusive breastfeeding in Kenya. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):693, Abstract no: PO905.
    1. Mbugua S, Kamau-Mbuthia E, Webb Girard A, Kalungu S, Sarange C, Lou W, et al. Process indicators for a randomized trial of cell phone based peer counseling to support exclusive breastfeeding in Kenya. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):751, Abstract no: PO1033.
    1. NCT01385410. Providing Peer Mother Support Through Cell Phone and Group Meetings to Increase Exclusive Breastfeeding in Kenya [Effectiveness of a Baby-friendly Hospital Based Mothers' Support Group, and a Cell-phone Based Peer Support Program in Supporting Exclusive Breastfeeding in an Urban Kenyan Community]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01385410 (first received 2011 Jun 28). [CENTRAL: CN-01487330]
    1. Sellen D, Mbugua S, Webb Girard A, Kalungu S, Sarange C, Lou W, et al. A randomized controlled trial indicates benefits of cell phone based peer counseling to support exclusive breastfeeding in Kenya. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):751, Abstract no: PO1032.
Sikander 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sikander S, Maselko J, Zafar S, Haq Z, Ahmad I, Ahmad M, et al. Cognitive-behavioral counseling for exclusive breastfeeding in rural pediatrics: a cluster RCT. Pediatrics 2015;135(2):e424-e431. - PubMed
Stockdale 2008 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN47056748. Successful breastfeeding promotion: a motivational instructional model applied and tested. isrctn.com/ISRCTN47056748 Date first received: 16 July 2007.
    1. Stockdale J, Sinclair M, Kernohan G, Keller JM, Dunwoody L, Cunningham JB, et al. Feasibility study to test Designer Breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. Evidence Based Midwifery 2008;6(3):76-82.
Su 2007 {published data only}
    1. Su LL, Chong YS, Chan YH, Chan YS, Fok D, Tun KT, et al. Antenatal education and postnatal support strategies for improving rates of exclusive breast feeding: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2007;335(7620):596. - PMC - PubMed
Tahir 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tahir NM, Al-Sadat N. Does telephone lactation counselling improve breastfeeding practices? A randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2013;50(1):16-25. - PubMed
Taylor 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Cameron SL, Heath AM, Gray AR, Churcher B, Davies RS, Newlands A, et al. Lactation consultant support from late pregnancy with an educational intervention at 4 months of age delays the introduction of complementary foods in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition 2015;145:1481-90. - PubMed
    1. Cameron SL, Taylor RW, Gray AR, Taylor BJ, Heath AL. Exclusive breastfeeding to six months: Results from a randomised controlled trial including lactation consultant support. FASEB Journal 2013;27(Suppl):[Abstract no: lb345].
    1. Fangupo LJ, Heath AM, Williams SM, Somerville MR, Lawrence JA, Gray AR, et al. Impact of an early-life intervention on the nutrition behaviors of 2-y-old children: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2015;102(3):704-12. - PubMed
    1. Galland BC, Sayers RM, Cameron SL, Gray AR, Heath AM, Lawrence JA, et al. Anticipatory guidance to prevent infant sleep problems within a randomised controlled trial: infant, maternal and partner outcomes at 6 months of age. BMJ Open 2017;7(5):e014908. [CENTRAL: CN-01458465] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hatch B, Galland BC, Gray AR, Taylor RW, Sayers R, Lawrence J, et al. Consistent use of bedtime parenting strategies mediates the effects of sleep education on child sleep: secondary findings from an early-life randomized controlled trial. Sleep Health 2019;5(5):433-43. [CENTRAL: CN-02012418] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Tylleskar 2011a {published data only}
    1. Birungi N, Fadnes LT, Okullo I, Kasangaki A, Nankabirwa V, Ndeezi G, et al. Effect of breastfeeding promotion on early childhood caries and breastfeeding duration among 5 year old children in Eastern Uganda: a cluster randomized trial. PLOS One 2015;10(5):e0125352. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chola L, Fadnes LT, Engebretsen IM, Nkonki L, Nankabirwa V, Sommerfelt H, et al. Cost-effectiveness of peer counselling for the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding in Uganda. PLOS One 2015;10(11):e0142718. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chola L, Fadnes LT, Engebretsen IM, Tumwine JK, Tylleskar T, Robberstad B, et al. Infant feeding survival and Markov transition probabilities among children under age 6 months in Uganda. American Journal of Epidemiology 2013;177(5):453-62. - PubMed
    1. Doherty T, Sanders D, Jackson D, Swanevelder S, Lombard C, Zembe W, et al. Early cessation of breastfeeding amongst women in South Africa: an area needing urgent attention to improve child health. BMC Pediatrics 2012;12:105. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Eide KT, Fadnes LT, Engebretsen IM, Onarheim KH, Wamani H, Tumwine JK, et al. Impact of a peer-counseling intervention on breastfeeding practices in different socioeconomic strata: results from the equity analysis of the PROMISE-EBF trial in Uganda. Global Health Action 2016;9:30578. [CENTRAL: CN-02082306] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Tylleskar 2011b {published data only}
    1. Fadnes LT, Nankabirwa V, Engebretsen IM, Sommerfelt H, Birungi N, Lombard C, et al. Effects of an exclusive breastfeeding intervention for six months on growth patterns of 4-5 year old children in Uganda: the cluster-randomised PROMISE EBF trial. BMC Public Health 2016 ;16:555. [CENTRAL: CN-01401933] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nankunda J, Turnwine JK, Nakabirwa V, Tylleskar T, PROMISE-EBF SG. "She would sit with me": mothers' experiences of individual peer support for exclusive breastfeeding in Uganda. International Breastfeeding Journal 2010;5:16. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00397150. PROMISE EBF: safety and efficacy of exclusive breastfeeding promotion in the era of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00397150 Date first received: 7 November 2006.
    1. Tylleskar T, Jackson D, Meda N, Engebretsen IM, Chopra M, Diallo AH, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding promotion by peer counsellors in sub-Saharan Africa (PROMISE-EBF): a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2011;378(9789):420-7. - PubMed
Tylleskar 2011c {published data only}
    1. Nankunda J, Turnwine JK, Nakabirwa V, Tylleskar T, PROMISE-EBF SG. "She would sit with me": mothers' experiences of individual peer support for exclusive breastfeeding in Uganda. International Breastfeeding Journal 2010;5:16. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tylleskar T, Jackson D, Meda N, Engebretsen IM, Chopra M, Diallo AH, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding promotion by peer counsellors in sub-Saharan Africa (PROMISE-EBF): a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2011;378(9789):420-7. - PubMed
    1. Tylleskar T. PROMISE EBF: safety and efficacy of exclusive breastfeeding promotion in the era of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov/) (accessed 20 February 2008).
Unger 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT01894126. Mobile phone messaging to improve Women's and Children's Health (Mobile WACh) in Kenya [Mobile Phone One Way Short Message Service (SMS) Versus SMS Dialogue for Women's and Child Health (Mobile WACh) in Kenya: A Randomized Control Trial]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01894126 (first received 2013 Jul 2). [CENTRAL: CN-01488785]
    1. Unger JA, Ronen K, Perrier T, Slyker J, Drake AL, Mogaka D, et al. Short message service communication improvesexclusive breastfeeding and early postpartumcontraception in a low- to middle-incomecountry setting: a randomised trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2018;125:1620-9. - PMC - PubMed
Uscher‐Pines 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kapinos K, Kotzias V, Bogen D, Ray K, Demirci J, Rigas MA, et al. The use of and experiences with telelactation among rural breastfeeding mothers: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2019;21:e13967. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02870413. Expanding Rural Access to Breastfeeding Support Via Telehealth: the Tele-MILC Trial [The Acceptability, Feasibility, and Impact of Telelactation Among Rural Mothers]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02870413 (first received 2016 Aug 10). [CENTRAL: CN-01507524]
    1. Uscher-Pines L, Ghosh-Dastidar B, Bogen DL, Ray Kristin N, Demirci JR, Mehrotra A, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of telelactation among rural breastfeeding women. Academic Pediatrics 2019;20(5):652-9. [CENTRAL: CN-02052125] [EMBASE: 143824939] [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Uscher-Pines L, Kapinos K, Ghosh-Dastidar B, Kotzias V, Demirci J, Ray K, et al. Use of virtual breastfeeding support among underserved, rural mothers. Pediatrics 2019;144(2):275. [CENTRAL: CN-02074338] [EMBASE: 630631902]
Wambach 2009 {published data only}
    1. NCT00222118. Kansas University Teen Mothers Project. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00222118 Date first received: 13 September 2005.
    1. Wambach K, Rojjanasrirat W, Williams Domian E, Aaronson L, Breedlove G, Yeh HW. Effects of a peer counselor and lactation consultant on breastfeeding initiation and duration. Journal of Human Lactation 2009;25(1):101-2.
    1. Wambach KA, Aaronson L, Breedlove G, Domian EW, Rojjanasrirat W, Yeh HW. A randomized controlled trial of breastfeeding support and education for adolescent mothers. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2011;33(4):486-505. - PubMed
Wasser 2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Wasser HM, Thompson AL, Suchindran CM, Hodges EA, Goldman BD, Perrin EM, et al. Family-based obesity prevention for infants: design of the "Mothers & Others" randomized trial [Mothers and Others: Family-based Obesity Prevention for Infants and Toddlers]. Contemporary Clinical Trials (first received 2017 Sep);60:24-33. [CENTRAL: CN-01600311] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Wen 2011 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12607000168459. Early intervention of multiple home visits to prevent childhood obesity among a disadvantaged population: a home-based Randomised Controlled Trial. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12607000168459 (first received 2007). [CENTRAL: CN-01862834] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wen LM, Baur LA, Rissel C, Simpson JM. A randomized controlled trial of an early intervention on childhood obesity: results from the first 12 months. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2011;19(Suppl 1):S67.
    1. Wen LM, Baur LA, Simpson JM, Rissel C, Flood VM. Effectiveness of an early intervention on infant feeding practices and "tummy time": a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2011;165(8):701-7. - PubMed
    1. Wen LM, Baur LA, Simpson JM, Rissel C, Wardle K, Flood VM. Effectiveness of home based early intervention on children's BMI at age 2: randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Online) 2012;345(7865):e3732. - PMC - PubMed
Wrenn 1997 {published data only}
    1. Wrenn SE. Effects of a model-based intervention on breastfeeding attrition [dissertation]. San Antonio: University of Texas, 1997.
Wu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wu Q, Huang Y, Liao Z, Velthoven MH, Wang W, Zhang Y. Effectiveness of WeChat for Improving Exclusive Breastfeeding in Huzhu County China: randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020 ;22(12):e23273. [CENTRAL: CN-02211230] [EMBASE: 2010270963] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wu Q, Huang Y, Velthoven MH, Wang W, Chang S, Zhang Y. The effectiveness of using a WeChat account to improve exclusive breastfeeding in Huzhu County Qinghai Province, China: protocol for a randomized control trial. BMC Public Health 2019 ;19(1):1603. [CENTRAL: CN-02050244] [EMBASE: 630074884] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Yotebieng 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT01428232. Effectiveness of Well-child Clinics as the "Community" Basis of Step 10 of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative [Comparison of Two Clinic-based Interventions to Promote Early Initiation and Exclusive Breastfeeding Through 6 Months After Birth in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01428232 (first received 2011 Aug 29). [CENTRAL: CN-02035977]
    1. Yotebieng M, Labbok M, Soeters HM, Chalachala JL, Lapika B, Vitta BS, et al. Ten steps to successful breastfeeding programme to promote early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding in dr congo: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Global Health 2015;3(9):e546-55. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abbass‐Dick 2020 {published data only}
    1. Abbass-Dick J, Sun W, Newport A, Xie F, Godfrey D, Goodman WM. The comparison of access to an eHealth resource to current practice on mother and co-parent teamwork and breastfeeding rates: a randomized controlled trial. Midwifery 2020 ;90:102812. [CENTRAL: CN-02160338] [EMBASE: 632505556] [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT03492411. Evaluating an ehealth breastfeeding resource [Evaluating an eHealth Breastfeeding Resource for Mothers, Fathers, Partners and Co-parents]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03492411 (first received 2018 Feb 22). [CENTRAL: CN-01567925]
Abbott 2019a {published data only}
    1. Abbott J, Carty J, Batig AL. Infant feeding practices, workplace breastfeeding/lactation practices, and perception of unit/service support among primiparous active duty servicewomen. Military Medicine 2019;184(7):e315-20. [CENTRAL: CN-02138203] [EMBASE: 628646039] [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT02221895. The effect of early versus traditional follow-up on breastfeeding rates at 6 months [The effect of early (2-3 week postpartum) versus traditional (6-8 Week postpartum) follow-up on breastfeeding rates at 6 months]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02221895 (first received 2014 Aug 18). [CENTRAL: CN-01548187]
Acharya 2019 {published data only}
    1. Acharya D, Singh JK, Kandel R, Park J-H, Yoo S-J, Lee K. Maternal factors and the utilization of maternal care services associated with infant feeding practices among mothers in rural southern Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019 05 28;16(11):1887. [CENTRAL: CN-01964284] [EMBASE: 2002202595] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
ACTRN12614000605695 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12614000605695. Parent Infant Feeding Initiative: a randomised controlled trial involving fathers and mothers to enhance breastfeeding duration with two medium level intervention groups, one high level intervention group and a control group receiving usual care. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=366435 Date first received: 6 June 2014.
ACTRN12615000063516 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12615000063516. Improving infant feeding practices of women in Yangon region: a randomized controlled trial of a mobile phone communications intervention and evaluation of its effectiveness in Myanmar. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=367704 Date first received: 23 January 2015.
Adam 2019 {published data only}
    1. Adam M, Tomlinson M, Le Roux I, LeFevre AE, McMahon S A, Johnston J, et al. The Philani MOVIE study: a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a mobile video entertainment-education intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding in South Africa. BMC Health Services Research 2019;19(1):211. [CENTRAL: CN-01936391] [EMBASE: 627195248] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Adib‐Hajbaghery 2017 {published data only}
    1. Adib-Hajbaghery M, Hashemi-Demneh T. Effect of telephone follow-up on postdelivery breastfeeding and maternal attachment. Journal of Nursing & Midwifery Sciences 2017;4(4):117-24. [CENTRAL: CN-02115106]
Agrasada 2005 {published data only}
    1. Agrasada GV, Ewald U, Kylberg E, Gustafsson J. Exclusive breastfeeding of low birth weight infants for the first six months: infant morbidity and maternal and infant anthropometry. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;20(1):62-8. - PubMed
    1. Agrasada GV, Gustafsson J, Kylberg E, Ewald U. Postnatal peer counselling on exclusive breastfeeding or low-birthweight infants: a randomised, controlled trial. Acta Paediatrica 2005;94:1109-15. - PubMed
    1. Agrasada GV, Kylberg E. When and why Filipino mothers of term low birth weight infants interrupted breastfeeding exclusively. Breastfeeding Review 2009;17(3):5-10. - PubMed
Aguirre 2018 {published data only}
    1. Aguirre T, Joshi A, Koehler A, Rodriguez E, Wilhlem S. Impact of a computer-based breastfeeding education program on breastfeeding self-efficacy and duration in rural Hispanic women. Health and Primary Care 2018;2(4):1-5.
Ahmed 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ahmed AH. Breastfeeding preterm infants: an educational program to support mothers of preterm infants in Cairo, Egypt. Pediatric Nursing 2008;34(2):125-30. - PubMed
    1. Ahmed AH. Effect of breastfeeding educational program based on Bandura's social cognitive theory on breastfeeding outcomes among mothers of preterm infants to support breastfeeding mothers. Journal of Human Lactation 2010;26(1):60.
Ayiasi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ayiasi RM, Kolsteren P, Batwala V, Criel B, Orach CG. Effect of village health team home visits and mobile phone consultations on maternal and newborn care practices in masindi and kiryandongo, uganda: a community-intervention trial. PLOS One 2016;11(4):e0153051. [CENTRAL: CN-01179464] [EMBASE: 610063592] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Baerug 2016 {published data only}
    1. Baerug A, Langsrud O, Loland BF, Tufte E, Tylleskar T, Fretheim A. Effectiveness of baby-friendly community health services on exclusive breastfeeding and maternal satisfaction: a pragmatic trial. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2016;12(3):428-39. [CENTRAL: CN-01178009] [EMBASE: 20160503851] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01025362. Baby-friendly community health services evaluation [Baby-friendly community health services evaluation: a cluster randomised controlled study]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01025362 (first received 2009 Dec 2). [CENTRAL: CN-01527062]
Ball 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ball HL, Ward-Platt MP, Howel D, Russell C. Randomised trial of sidecar crib use on breastfeeding duration (NECOT). Archives of Disease in Childhood 2011;96(7):630-4. - PubMed
Baqui 2008 {published data only}
    1. Baqui AH, Arifeen SE, Rosen HE, Mannan I, Rahman SM, Al-Mahmud AB, et al. Community-based validation of assessment of newborn illnesses by trained community health workers in Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2009;14(12):1448-56. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Baqui AH, El-Arifeen S, Darmstadt GL, Ahmed S, Williams EK, Seraji HR, et al. Effect of community-based newborn-care intervention package implemented through two service-delivery strategies in Sylhet district, Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371(9628):1936-44. - PubMed
Barlow 2006 {published data only}
    1. Barlow A, Varipatis-Baker E, Speakman K, Ginsburg G, Friberg I, Goklish N, et al. Home-visiting intervention to improve child care among American Indian adolescent mothers: a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2006;160(11):1101-7. - PubMed
Barnet 2002 {published data only}
    1. Barnet B, Duggan AK, Devoe M, Burrell L. The effect of volunteer home visitation for adolescent mothers on parenting and mental health outcomes: a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2002;156:1216-22. - PubMed
Batig 2017 {published data only}
    1. Batig A, Carty J. Comparison of breastfeeding and exclusive formula feeding rates 2-3 and 6-8 weeks after delivery amongst primiparas. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017;129:57S. [CENTRAL: CN-01718507] [EMBASE: 616800927]
Beiler 2011 {published data only}
    1. Beiler JS, Schaefer EW, Alleman N, Paul IM. Newborn anticipatory guidance delivered at office-based vs. home nurse visits. In: Pediatric Academic Societies and Asian Society for Pediatric Research Joint Meeting; 2011 April 30-May 3; Denver, Colorado, USA. 2011.
Benitez 1992 {published data only}
    1. Benitez I, la Cruz J, Suplido A, Oblepias V, Kennedy K, Visness C. Extending lactational amenorrhoea in Manila: a successful breast-feeding education programme. Journal of Biosocial Science 1992;24(2):211-31. - PubMed
Bernardi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bernardi JR, Gama CM, Vitolo MR. An infant feeding update program at healthcare centers and its impact on breastfeeding and morbidity [Impacto de um programa de atualizacao em alimentacao infantil em unidades de saude na pratica do aleitamento materno e na ocorrencia de morbidade]. Cadernos de Saude Publica 2011 ;27(6):1213-22. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Bica 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bica OC, Giugliani ER. Influence of counseling sessions on the prevalence of breastfeeding in the first year of life: a randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers. Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) 2014;41(1):39-45. - PubMed
    1. Oliveira LD, Giugliani ER, do Espirito Santo LC, Nunes LM. Counselling sessions increased duration of exclusive breastfeeding: a randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers. Nutrition Journal 2014;13(1):73. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Oliveira LD, Giugliani ER, Santo LC, Nunes LM. Impact of a strategy to prevent the introduction of non-breast milk and complementary foods during the first 6months of life: a randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers. Early Human Development 2012;88(6):357-61. - PubMed
    1. Francisco da Silva CF, Nunes LM, Schwartz R, Giugliani ER. Effect of a pro-breastfeeding intervention on the maintenance of breastfeeding for 2 years or more: randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016;16(1):97. [CENTRAL: CN-01260716] [EMBASE: 613897098] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lazzeri B, Leotti Torman V, Soldateli Paim B, Giugliani ER, Monteiro CA, Martinez Steele E, et al. Effect of a healthy eating intervention in the first months of life on ultra-processed food consumption at the age of 4-7 years: a randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and their infants. British Journal of Nutrition 2020 ;126:1-23. [CENTRAL: CN-02214873] [EMBASE: 633642904] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Black 2001 {published data only}
    1. Black MM, Siegel EH, Abel Y, Bentley ME. Home and videotape intervention delays early complementary feeding among adolescent mothers. Pediatrics 2001;107:E67. - PubMed
Blixt 2014 {published data only}
    1. Blixt I, Martensson LB, Ekstrom AC. Process-oriented training in breastfeeding for health professionals decreases women's experiences of breastfeeding challenges. International Breastfeeding Journal 2014;9:15. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ekstrom A, Kylberg E, Nissen E, Ekstrom A, Kylberg E, Nissen E. A process-oriented breastfeeding training program for healthcare professionals to promote breastfeeding: an intervention study. Breastfeeding Medicine 2012;7(2):85-92. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ekstrom AC, Thorstensson S. Nurses and midwives professional support increases with improved attitudes - design and effects of a longitudinal randomized controlled process-oriented intervention. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2015;15(1):275. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ekstrom AC, Thorstensson S. Nurses and midwives professional support increases with improved attitudes - design and effects of a longitudinal randomized controlled process-oriented intervention. In: 31st International Confederation of Midwives Triennial Congress. Midwives - Making a Difference in the World; 2017 June 18-22; Toronto, Canada. Vol. Abstract no: F05.01. 2017. [CENTRAL: CN-02082296; CRS: 6816289; CRSREP: 6816289]]
Bolam 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bolam A, Manandhar DS, Shrestha P, Ellis M, Costello AM. The effects of postnatal health education for mothers on infant care and family planning practices in Nepal: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1998;316(7134):805-11. - PMC - PubMed
Briaux 2020 {published data only}
    1. Briaux J, Carles S, Kameli Y, Fortin S, Rollet P, Becquet R, et al. Impact of a cash transfer program targeting the "1000 days period" on low birth weight and growth retardation: a cluster randomized trial in Togo. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2017;71(Suppl 2):333-4. [CENTRAL: CN-01428761] [EMBASE: 619278165]
    1. Briaux J, Martin-Prevel Y, Carles S, Fortin S, Kameli Y, Adubra L, et al. Evaluation of an unconditional cash transfer program targeting children's first-1,000-days linear growth in rural Togo: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLOS Medicine 2020;17(11):e1003388. [CENTRAL: CN-02211913] [EMBASE: 2010133089] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Brown 2008 {published data only}
    1. Brown LP. Breastfeeding services for LBW infants - outcomes and cost. CRISP (http://crisp.cit.nih.gov) (accessed 17 June 2008) 2008.
    1. Zukowsky K. Breast-fed low-birth-weight premature neonates: developmental assessment and nutritional intake in the first 6 months of life. Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 2007;21(3):242-9. - PubMed
Bunik 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bunik M, Jimenez-Zambrano A, Beaty B, Zhang X, Moore S, Bull S, et al. Mother's milk messaging (Mmm): mixed methods evaluation of bilingual app and texting program to support breastfeeding (BF). Breastfeeding Medicine 2020;15(10):A25-6. [CENTRAL: CN-02229219] [EMBASE: 633792970]
    1. Bunik ME, Jimenez-Zambrano A, Beaty B, Bull S, Zhang X, Moore S, et al. Mother's milk messagingTM (MMM): mixed methods evaluation of bilingual app and texting program to support breastfeeding (BF). Pediatrics 2021;147(3):324-5. [CENTRAL: CN-02255332] [EMBASE: 634620806]
Buultjens 2018 {published data only}
    1. Buultjens M, Murphy G, Milgrom J, Taket A, Poinen D. Supporting the transition to parenthood: development of a group health-promoting programme. British Journal of Midwifery 2018;26(6):387-97. [CENTRAL: CN-02114659]
Byas 2011 {published data only}
    1. Byas P, Du H. Dads championing breastfeeding. JOGNN: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 2011;40(Suppl 1):S99-S100.
Carlsen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Carlsen EM, Kyhnaeb A, Renault KM, Cortes D, Michaelsen KF, Pryds O. Telephone-based support prolongs breastfeeding duration in obese women: a randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;98(5):1226-32. - PubMed
Carmichael 2019 {published data only}
    1. Carmichael SL, Mehta K, Raheel H, Pepper KT, Darmstadt GL, Srikantiah S, et al. Use of mobile technology by frontline health workers to promote reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health and nutrition: a cluster randomized controlled Trial in Bihar, India. Journal of Global Health 2019;9(2):204249. [EMBASE: 630063582] - PMC - PubMed
Cattaneo 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cattaneo A, Buzzetti R. Effect on rates of breast feeding of training for the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. BMJ 2001;323(7325):1358-62. - PMC - PubMed
Caulfield 1998 {published data only}
    1. Caulfield LE, Gross SM, Bentley ME, Bronner Y, Kessler L, Jensen J, et al. WIC-based interventions to promote breastfeeding among African-American women in Baltimore: effects on breastfeeding initiation and continuation. Journal of Human Lactation 1998;14(1):15-22. - PubMed
Chapman 2011 {published data only}
    1. Chapman DJ, Bermudez-Millan A, Wetzel K, Damio G, Kyer N, Young S, et al. Breastfeeding education and support trial for obese women. FASEB 2008;22:1080.4. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chapman DJ, Morel K, Bermudez-Millan A, Young S, Damio G, Kyer N, et al. Breastfeeding education and support trial for obese women: effects of a specialized peer counseling intervention on breastfeeding and health outcomes. Journal of Human Lactation 2011;27(1):75-6.
    1. Chapman DJ, Morel K, Bermudez-Millan A, Young S, Damio G, Perez-Escamilla R. Breastfeeding education and support trial for overweight and obese women: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2013;131(1):e162-e170. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Morel K, Chapman DJ, Kyer N, Bermudez-Millan A, Young S, Perez-Escamilla R. Peer counselors improve breastfeeding technique among low-income, obese women. FASEB Journal 2010;24(Suppl):[Abstract no. 91.7].
ChiCTR‐IOR‐16008124 2016 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-IOR-16008124. The intervention for breast feeding: a randomized controlled trial [The intervention for breast feeding of twins: a randomized controlled trial]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-IOR-16008124 (first received 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01854032]
Christie 2011 {published data only}
    1. Christie J, Bunting B. The effect of health visitors' postpartum home visit frequency on first-time mothers: cluster randomised trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(6):689-702. - PubMed
CTRI/2013/02/003349 2013 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2013/02/003349. video assisted counseling for mothers on breastfeeding [Postnatal counseling on exclusive breastfeeding using video]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2013/02/003349 (first received 2013). [CENTRAL: CN-01807290]
CTRI/2017/05/008675 2017 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/05/008675. A study to find out the impact of counselling by a trained nurse during pregnancy versus conventional counselling on exclusive breast-feeding practices among first time pregnant mothers- a hospital based trial [Impact of structured antenatal lactational counseling versus conventional counselling on exclusive breast-feeding practices among primi mothers- a hospital based open-labelled randomized controlled trial - ANC]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/05/008675 (first received 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01884428]
CTRI/2018/05/013833 2018 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/05/013833. A study to see the effect of counselling to address barriers for breastfeeding among pregnant women in a rural community [Effect of counselling to address barriers for breastfeeding among antenatal mothers in a rural community: a cluster randomised controlled trial]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2018/05/013833 2018. [CENTRAL: CN-01895733]
CTRI/2020/12/030134 2020 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/12/030134. Early interventions to support trajectories for healthy life in India [Healthy Life Trajectories Initiative (HeLTI): Early Interventions to Support Trajectories for Healthy Life in India (EINSTEIN). - EINSTEIN]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2020/12/030134 (first received 2020). [CENTRAL: CN-02238870]
Davies‐Adetugbo 1996 {published data only}
    1. Davies-Adetugbo AA. Promotion of breastfeeding in the community: impact of health education programme in rural communities in Nigeria. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research 1996;14(1):5-11. - PubMed
Davies‐Adetugbo 1997 {published data only}
    1. Davies-Adetugbo AA, Adetugbo K, Orewole Y, Fabiyi AK. Breast-feeding promotion in a diarrhoea programme in rural communities. Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research 1997;15(3):161-6. - PubMed
Davis 2014 {published data only}
    1. Davis A. Effects of an Educational Intervention on Baccalaureate Nursing Students' Knowledge and Attitude in Providing Breastfeeding Support to Mothers [thesis]. University of Alabama, 2014.
Ebbeling 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ebbeling CB, Pearson MN, Sorensen G, Levine RA, Hebert JR, Salkeld JA, et al. Conceptualization and development of a theory-based healthful eating and physical activity intervention for postpartum women who are low income. Health Promotion Practice 2007;8(1):50-9. - PubMed
Edwards 2013a {published data only}
    1. Edwards RA, Bickmore T, Jenkins L, Foley M, Manjourides J. Use of an interactive computer agent to support breastfeeding. Maternal & Child Health Journal 2013;17(10):1961-8. - PubMed
Edwards‐Jackson 2016 {published data only}
    1. Edwards-Jackson N, Martin H, Vasquez M, Delgado A, Flaherman V. Milk money: a financial incentive intervention to increase breastfeeding among African American WIC clients. Breastfeeding Medicine 2016;11(Suppl 1):S-9.
Ehrlich 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ehrlich SF, Hedderson MM, Feng J, Crites Y, Quesenberry CP, Ferrara A. Lifestyle intervention improves postpartum fasting glucose levels in women with gestational diabetes. Diabetes 2014;63(Suppl 1):A95, Abstract no: 363-OR.
Eneroth 2007 {published data only}
    1. Eneroth H, El Arifeen S, Kabir I, Persson LA, Lonnerdal B, Hossain MB, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding and infant iron and zinc status, the MINIMat study Bangladesh [abstract]. Journal of Human Lactation 2007;23(1):79-80.
    1. Eneroth H, El Arifeen S, Persson LA, Kabir I, Lonnerdal B, Hossain MB, et al. Duration of exclusive breast-feeding and infant iron and zinc status in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Nutrition 2009;139(8):1562-7. - PubMed
    1. Kabir I, Khan AI, El Arifeen S, Alam DS, Persson LA. Effects of prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation and breastfeeding counseling on postnatal growth of rural Bangladeshi children. In: Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2009 May 2-5; Baltimore, USA. 2009.
    1. Moore SE, Prentice AM, Coward WA, Wright A, Frongillo EA, Fulford AJ, et al. Use of stable-isotope techniques to validate infant feeding practices reported by Bangladeshi women receiving breastfeeding counseling. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;85(4):1075-82. - PubMed
Ferrara 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ferrara A, Hedderson MM, Albright CL, Ehrlich SF, Quesenberry CP Jr, Peng T, et al. A pregnancy and postpartum lifestyle intervention in women with gestational diabetes mellitus reduces diabetes risk factors: a feasibility randomized control trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34(7):1519-25. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00460018. Diet, exercise and breastfeeding intervention program for women with gestational diabetes (DEBI Trial). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00460018 Date first received: 11 April 2007.
Fewtrell 2019 {published data only}
    1. Fewtrell M, Kennedy K, Lukoyanova O, Borovik T, Namazova-Baranova L, Wei Z, et al. Short-term efficacy of two breast pumps and impact on breastfeeding outcomes at 6 months in exclusively breastfeeding mothers: a randomised trial. Maternal andChild Nutrition 2019 ;15(3):e12779. [CENTRAL: CN-01787315] [EMBASE: 626362085] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fiks 2017 {published data only}
    1. Fiks AG, Gruver RS, Bishop-Gilyard CT, Shults J, Virudachalam S, Suh AW, et al. A social media peer group for mothers to prevent obesity from infancy: the Grow2Gether randomized trial. Childhood Obesity 2017;13(5):356-68. [CENTRAL: CN-01604536] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Finch 2002 {published data only}
    1. Finch C, Daniel EL. Breastfeeding education program with incentives increases exclusive breastfeeding among urban WIC participants. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2002;102(7):981-4. - PubMed
Finch 2015 {published data only}
    1. Finch M, Yoong SL, Thomson RJ, Seward K, Cooney M, Jones J, et al. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of an implementation intervention to increase healthy eating and physical activity-promoting policies, and practices in centre-based childcare services: study protocol. BMJ Open 2015;5(5):e006706. - PMC - PubMed
Fisher 2018 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617000442303. Learning Clubs to improve women's perinatal health and early childhood development [Learning Clubs to improve women’s health and infant’s health and development in Vietnam: a cluster randomised controlled trial of a low-cost, evidence-informed, structured intervention]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12617000442303 (first received 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01802570]
    1. Fisher J, Tran T, Luchters S, Tran TD, Hipgrave DB, Hanieh S, et al. Addressing multiple modifiable risks through structured community-based Learning Clubs to improve maternal and infant health and infant development in rural Vietnam: protocol for a parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2018;8(7):e023539. [CENTRAL: CN-02000416] [EMBASE: 623115059] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nguyen T, Sweeny K, Tran T, Luchters S, Hipgrave DB, Hanieh S, et al. Protocol for an economic evaluation alongside a cluster randomised controlled trial: cost-effectiveness of Learning Clubs, a multicomponent intervention to improve women's health and infant's health and development in Vietnam. BMJ Open 2019;9(12):e031721. [CENTRAL: CN-02087378] [EMBASE: 630304115] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Flax 2014 {published data only}
    1. Flax V, Negerie M, Usman A, Leatherman S, Daza E, Bentley M. Nigerian women participating in an integrated microcredit and mhealth breastfeeding promotion intervention were more likely to adopt international breastfeeding recommendations. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):885, Abstract no: PO1294.
    1. Flax VL, Negerie M, Ibrahim AU, Leatherman S, Daza EJ, Bentley ME. Integrating group counseling, cell phone messaging, and participant-generated songs and dramas into a microcredit program increases Nigerian women's adherence to international breastfeeding recommendations. Journal of Nutrition 2014;144(7):1120-4. - PMC - PubMed
Fornari 2018 {published data only}
    1. Fornari E, Morandi A, Tommasi M, Tomasselli F, Maffeis C. The prevention of obesity in toddlers (PROBIT) trial. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2018;66(Suppl 2):902. [CENTRAL: CN-01605831] [EMBASE: 622344130]
Forster 2004 {published data only}
    1. Forster D, McLachlan H, Lumley J, Beanland C, Waldenstrom U, Amir L. Two mid-pregnancy interventions to increase the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial. Birth 2004;31(3):176-82. - PubMed
    1. Forster D, McLachlan H, Lumley J, Beanland C, Waldenstrom U, Harris H, et al. ABFAB. Attachment to the breast and family attitudes to breastfeeding. The effect of breastfeeding education in the middle of pregnancy on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2003;3(1):5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Forster DA, McLachlan HL, Lumley J, Beanland CJ, Waldenstrom U, Short RV, et al. ABFAB: attachment to the breast and family attitudes towards breastfeeding. The effect of breastfeeding education in the middle of pregnancy on the duration of breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial [abstract]. In: Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand 7th Annual Congress; 2003 March 9-12; Tasmania, Australia. 2003:A70. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Forster DA, McLachlan HL, Lumley J. Factors associated with breastfeeding at six months postpartum in a group of Australian women. International Breastfeeding Journal 2006;1:18. - PMC - PubMed
Forster 2006 {published data only}
    1. Forster DA, McLachlan HL, Lumley J. Risk factors for early cessation of breastfeeding: results from a randomised controlled trial. In: Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand 10th Annual Congress; 2006 April 3-6; Perth, Australia. 2006:149.
Forster 2015 {published data only}
    1. Forster DA, McLachlan HL, Davey MA, Flood M. A randomised controlled trial of caseload midwifery for women at low risk of medical complications (cosmos): breastfeeding intentions, initiation and two month feeding outcomes. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2015;51(Suppl 1):48. [CENTRAL: CN-01732070] [EMBASE: 71873897]
Gagnon 1997 {published data only}
    1. Gagnon AJ, Edgar L, Kramer MS, Papageorgiou A, Waghorn K, Klein MC. A randomized trial of a program of early postpartum discharge with nurse visitation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176:205-11. - PubMed
Gallegos 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gallegos D, Russell-Bennett R, Previte J, Parkinson J. Can a text message a week improve breastfeeding? BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14(1):1-11. [CENTRAL: CN-01074390] [EMBASE: 602619157] - PMC - PubMed
Garcia‐Montrone 1996 {published data only}
    1. Garcia-Montrone V, Rose JC. An education experience for promoting breast-feeding and infant stimulation by low-income women: a preliminary study. Cadernos de Saude Publica 1996;12(1):61-8. - PubMed
Gijsbers 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gijsbers B, Mesters I, Knottnerus JA, Kester AD, Van Schayck CP. The success of an educational program to promote exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months in families with a history of asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Asthma 2006;19(4):214-22.
    1. Gijsbers B, Mesters I, Knottnerus JA, Schayck CP. Factors associated with the duration of exclusive breast-feeding in asthmatic families. Health Education Research 2008;23(1):158-69. - PubMed
    1. Gijsbers B, Mesters I, Knottnerus JA, Van Schayck CP. Factors associated with the initiation of breastfeeding in asthmatic families: the attitude-social influence-self-efficacy model. Breastfeeding Medicine 2006;1(4):236-46. - PubMed
Girish 2013 {published data only}
    1. Girish M, Mujawar N, Gotmare P, Paul N, Punia S, Pandey P. Impact and feasibility of breast crawl in a tertiary care hospital. Journal of Perinatology 2013;33(4):288-91. - PubMed
Griffin 2020 {published data only}
    1. Griffin L, Lopez J, Macones G, Cahill A, Lewkowitz A. Does increased use of breastfeeding smartphone applications improve breastfeeding rates among low-income women? Breastfeeding Medicine 2020;15(10):A28-9. [CENTRAL: CN-02229740] [EMBASE: 633793061]
Guise 2003 {published data only}
    1. Guise JM, Palda V, Westhoff C, Chan BK, Helfand M, Lieu TA, et al. The effectiveness of primary care-based interventions to promote breastfeeding: systematic evidence review and meta-analysis for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Family Medicine 2003;1(2):70-8. - PMC - PubMed
Haider 1996 {published data only}
    1. Haider R, Islam A, Hamadani J, Amin NJ, Kabir I, Malek MA, et al. Breast-feeding counseling in a diarrhoeal disease hospital. Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health 1997;1:355-61.
    1. Haider R, Islam A, Hamadani J, Amin NJ, Kabir I, Malek MA, et al. Breastfeeding counselling in a diarrhoeal disease hospital. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1996;74(2):173-9. - PMC - PubMed
Haider 2014 {published data only}
    1. Haider SJ, Chang LV, Bolton TA, Gold JG, Olson BH. An evaluation of the effects of a breastfeeding support program on health outcomes. Health Services Research 2014;49(6):2017-34. - PMC - PubMed
Hall 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hall WA, Hauck Y. Getting it right: Australian primiparas' views about breastfeeding: a quasi-experimental study. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2007;44(5):786-95. - PubMed
Hanafi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hanafi MI, Shalaby SA, Falatah N, El-Ammari H. Impact of health education on knowledge of, attitude to and practice of breastfeeding among women attending primary health care centres in Almadinah Almunawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: controlled pre-post study. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 2014;9(3):187-93.
Harris‐Luna 2018 {published data only}
    1. Harris-Luna ML, Badr LK. Pragmatic trial to evaluate the effect of a promotora telephone intervention on the duration of breastfeeding. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : JOGNN 2018;47(6):738-48. [CENTRAL: CN-02004910] [EMBASE: 624887499] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Hauck 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hauck YL, Dimmock JE. Evaluation of an information booklet on breastfeeding duration: a clinical trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1994;20(5):836-43. - PubMed
Henderson 2001 {published data only}
    1. Henderson A, Stamp G, Pincombe J. Postpartum positioning and attachment education for increasing breastfeeding: a randomized trial. Birth 2001;28(4):236-42. - PubMed
Herzhaft‐Le Roy 2017 {published data only}
    1. Herzhaft-Le Roy J, Xhignesse M, Gaboury I. Efficacy of an osteopathic treatment coupled with lactation consultations for infants' biomechanical sucking difficulties. Journal of Human Lactation 2017;33(1):165-72. [CENTRAL: CN-01405719] [EMBASE: 617978873] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Hmone 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hmone MP, Li M, Agho K, Dibley M. Impact of SMS text messages to improve exclusive breastfeeding and reduce other adverse infant feeding practices in Yangon, Myanmar: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2017;71(Suppl 2):610-1. [CENTRAL: CN-01428824] [EMBASE: 619277617]
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    1. Hmone MP, Li M, Alam A, Dibley MJ. Mobile phone short messages to improve exclusive breastfeeding and reduce adverse infant feeding practices: protocol for a randomized controlled trial in Yangon, Myanmar. JMIR Research Protocols 2017;6(6):e126. [CENTRAL: CN-02083100] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ijumba 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ijumba P, Doherty T, Jackson D, Tomlinson M, Sanders D, Swanevelder S, et al. Effect of an integrated community-based package for maternal and newborn care on feeding patterns during the first 12 weeks of life: a cluster-randomized trial in a South African township. Public Health Nutrition 2015;18(14):2660-8. - PMC - PubMed
IRCT138810122956N1 2010 {published data only}
    1. IRCT138810122956N1. Midwives' supportive care and breastfeeding [The effect of midwives supportive care during labor on onset of lactogenesisII and exclusive breastfeeding]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT138810122956N1 (first received 2010). [CENTRAL: CN-01804612]
IRCT201102275912N4 2012 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201102275912N4. Effect of educational package on breastfeeding self- efficacy in postpartum period. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201102275912N4 (first received 2012). [CENTRAL: CN-01864229]
IRCT20110524006582N33 2020 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20110524006582N33. The effect of counseling on body image and self-esteem [The effect of counseling with cognitive-behavioral approach (CBT) on self esteem and body image of lactating mothers: A quasi-experimental study]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20110524006582N33 (first received 2020). [CENTRAL: CN-02187138]
Irct20120122008801N 2018 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20120122008801N22. "The effect of maternal fetal attachment on lactation" [The effect of maternal fetal attachment training on success and duration of breast – feeding of primiparous women]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20120122008801N22 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01900193; CRS: 10799894]
IRCT201312033034N12 2014 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201312033034N12. Efficacy of BAZNEF model educational on continuity exclusive breastfeeding up to six month in referred mothers' to health centers in shahrood city. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201312033034N12 (first received 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01858865]
IRCT201403152324N14 2014 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201403152324N14. Quality of Life in Postpartum [Effect of training based on continuous care model on quality of life and quality of sleep in the postpartum period]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201403152324N14 (first received 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01809101]
IRCT2014042317398N1 2015 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2014042317398N1. Ergonomic breastfeeding position correction effect on infant growth curve [Ergonomic intervention effect on successful breastfeeding and musculo skeletal disorders risk reduction in mothers]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014042317398N1 (first received 2015). [CENTRAL: CN-01816062]
IRCT2014060717972N3 2014 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2014060717972N3. Impact of breastfeeding peer education [Impact of peer education on breastfeeding self-efficacy in primiparous women]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014060717972N3 (first received 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01847872]
IRCT2015021610426N6 2015 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2015021610426N6. The effect breastfeeding counseling on self- efficacy and maintaining breastfeeding among primiparous mothers attending to Fatemieh Hospital of Hamadan. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015021610426N6 (first received 2015). [CENTRAL: CN-01854046]
IRCT2015080422407N2 2015 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2015080422407N2. Breast massage on exclusive breastfeeding and problem breastfeeding [The Effect of breast massage on exclusive breastfeeding in end of neonatal period and breastfeeding problems in nulliparous mothers after delivery]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015080422407N2 (first received 2015). [CENTRAL: CN-01814294]
IRCT20160710028863N25 2018 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20160710028863N25. Health literacy and exclusive breastfeeding self-efficacy in pregnant women [The effect of education based on the theory of self-efficacy on promotion of health literacy and exclusive breastfeeding among pregnant women referred to health centers]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20160710028863N25 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01900266]
IRCT20171024036972N2 2018 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20171024036972N2. "Effects of Learning through telegram on the breastfeeding self-efficacy" ["The Effect of Mobile Based Education on the Effect of Breastfeeding in Postpartum Period"]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20171024036972N2 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01905419]
IRCT20180909040976N1 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20180909040976N1. The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the start and continuation of breastfeeding in twins. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180909040976N1 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01970664]
IRCT20181031041516N1 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20181031041516N1. The effect of mindfulness on the breastfeeding self-efficacy and mother's attachment [Effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention on breastfeeding self-efficacy and mother-infant attachment in primiparous women]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20181031041516N1 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01948762]
IRCT20181104041545N1 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20181104041545N1. Exclusive breastfeeding [The survey on impact of educational intervention on exclusive breastfeeding in primiparous women based on Theory of Planned Behavior]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20181104041545N1 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01970883]
IRCT20181208041889N1 2018 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20181208041889N1. The effect of education through cyberspace on the effectiveness and continuity of breastfeeding in primo women [The Effect of Training Through Cyberspace On The Self-efficacy And Continuation Of Lactation Primo Women]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20181208041889N1 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01950009]
IRCT20190106042258N1 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20190106042258N1. The impact of education based on precede model on breast-feeding behavior in nulliparous mothers. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20190106042258N1 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01975268]
IRCT20191224045879N1 2020 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20191224045879N1. The effect of education on perceived stress level and breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers [The impact of newborn massage education program on perceived stress level and breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers with hospitalized newborns in shahid Motahari hospital in Urmia]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20191224045879N1 (first received 2020). [CENTRAL: CN-02171200]
Israel‐Ballard 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02162498. Effect of feeding buddies on adherence to WHO PMTCT guidelines in South Africa. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02162498 Date first received: 10 June 2014.
ISRCTN91808706 2013 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN91808706. A web-based program for depressive symptoms and life satisfaction during pregnancy and after childbirth [A randomized controlled trial of a web-based program for reducing perinatal depressive symptoms and enhancing life satisfaction during pregnancy and after birth]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN91808706 (first received 2013). [CENTRAL: CN-01819515]
ISRCTN93605280 2007 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN93605280. Evaluation of a peer counselling program to promote increased duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN93605280 (first received 2007). [CENTRAL: CN-01841816]
Isselmann 2006 {published data only}
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Jahan 2014 {published data only}
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Jakobsen 2008 {published data only}
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Ketsuwan 2019 {published data only}
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NCT03187873 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT03187873. Chamas for Change Validation [Chamas for Change: validating an integrated community-based strategy of peer support in pregnancy and infancy in Kenya]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03187873 (first received 2017 May 31). [CENTRAL: CN-01494998]
NCT03208114 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT03208114. Information on breast milk substitutes at hospital discharge [Does the information on breast milk substitutes at hospital discharge affect breastfeeding behavior at six months? a randomized controlled trial]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03208114 (first received 2017 Jul 5). [CENTRAL: CN-02038965]
NCT03247491 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT03247491. Effectiveness of amindfulness and compassion intervention for pregnant women and their partners for the prevention of stress and depression during pregnancy and breastfeeding [Effectiveness of a mindfulness and compassion group intervention applied to pregnant women and their partners to decrease stress, negative affect and depression during pregnancy and breastfeeding. controlled and randomized study]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03247491 (first received 2017 Aug 9). [CENTRAL: CN-01495668]
NCT03308058 2012 {published data only}
    1. NCT03308058. Feasibility of a touch screen computer based breast-feeding educational support program [Feasibility of a touch screen computer based breast-feeding educational support program]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03308058 (first received 2012 Oct 30). [CENTRAL: CN-01564787]
NCT03503500 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03503500. Laid-back breastfeeding in hospital setting [Effectiveness of a laid-back breastfeeding approach on breastfeeding initiation in hospital setting. a randomized controlled trial]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03503500 (first received 2018 Mar 28). [CENTRAL: CN-01586233]
NCT03674632 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03674632. Breastfeed a Better Youngster: the BABY Study [Mother-infant signalling during lactation following late preterm delivery: an investigation of physiological, psychological and anthropological factors]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03674632 (first received 2018 Sep 17). [CENTRAL: CN-01648447]
NCT03807726 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03807726. Empower Breastfeeding Education Program [Empower Breastfeeding: effects of an integrated breastfeeding education program on optimal breastfeeding practice]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03807726 (first received 2019 Jan 17). [CENTRAL: CN-01702062]
NCT03944642 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03944642. Design and piloting of a Complex Intervention to Promote Breastfeeding Initiation and Maintenance (CRIAA program) [Breastfeeding as a health-promoting behavior: design and piloting of a Complex Intervention to Promote Breastfeeding Initiation and Maintenance: CRIAA Program]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03944642 (first received 2019 May 9). [CENTRAL: CN-01927176]
NCT03945474 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03945474. Osteopathic manipulation in breastfed newborns [Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment(OMT) for the management of feeding dysfunction in breastfed newborns]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03945474 (first received 2019 May 10). [CENTRAL: CN-01932032]
NCT04093791 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT04093791. MAMA NO STRESS Project. The effects of the "HAPPY MAMA" intervention [MAMA NO STRESS Project. The effects of the "HAPPY MAMA" intervention: a field randomized trial]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct04093791 (first received 2019 Sep 18). [CENTRAL: CN-01991946]
NCT04519216 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04519216. Breastfeeding education in the time of COVID-19 [Breastfeeding education in the time of COVID-19. Hybrid telesimulation with standardized patients for pediatric and family medicine trainees, a randomized trial]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04519216 (first received 2020 Aug 19). [CENTRAL: CN-02181096]
NCT04606706 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04606706. A mHealth based education intervention on maternal, infant and young child nutrition to prevent stunting in Kelantan [Development and effectiveness of a mobile health-based education intervention on maternal, infant and young child nutrition to prevent stunting in Kelantan]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04606706 (first received 2020 Oct 28). [CENTRAL: CN-02196975]
NCT04655846 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04655846. Efficacy of an educational intervention in exclusive breastfeeding [Efficacy of an educational intervention in pregnant adolescents for the maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04655846 (first received 2020 Dec 7). [CENTRAL: CN-02200119]
NCT04752787 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04752787. Effect of Breastfeeding Training [The Effect of QR Code supported online breastfeeding training given to pregnant women expecting twin babies on breastfeeding intention and feeding with breast milk in the first six months]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04752787 (first received 2021 February 12). [CENTRAL: CN-02235146]
NCT04816383 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04816383. A smartphone-based approach to improved breast-feeding rates and self-efficacy [A smartphone-based approach to improved breast-feeding rates and self-efficacy: a randomized controlled clinical trial]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04816383 (first received 2021 Mar 25). [CENTRAL: CN-02251969]
Nekavand 2014 {published data only}
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OBrien 2019 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN14819650. LatchOn: a breastfeeding support study [LatchOn: a protocol for a multi-centre, randomised controlled trial of perinatal support to improve breastfeeding outcomes in women with overweight and obesity]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN14819650 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01946374]
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Olenick 2011 {published data only}
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Rafieyan‐Kopaei 2019 {published data only}
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RBR‐7m7vc8 2018 {published data only}
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    1. UMIN000028789. Effectiveness of a breastfeeding self-efficacy intervention in a baby-friendly hospital in Lao, PDR. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000028789 (first received 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01889292]
Vakilian 2020 {published data only}
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Valdes 2000 {published data only}
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Vianna 2011 {published data only}
    1. Vianna MN, Barbosa AP, Carvalhaes AS, Cunha AJ. Music therapy may increase breastfeeding rates among mothers of premature newborns: a randomized controlled trial [A musicoterapia pode aumentar os indices de aleitamento materno entre maes de recem-nascidos prematuros: Um ensaio clinico randomizado controlado]. Jornal de Pediatria 2011;87(3):206-12. - PubMed
Vitolo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Vitolo MR, Bortolini GA, Campagnolo PD, Hoffman DJ. Maternal dietary counseling reduces consumption of energy-dense foods among infants: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2012;44(2):140-7. - PubMed
Vitolo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Vitolo MR, Louzada ML, Rauber F, Grechi P, Gama CM. The impact of health workers's training on breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices. Cadernos De Saude Publica 2014;30(8):1695-707. - PubMed
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Wallace 2006 {published data only}
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Wan 2011 {published data only}
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Wang 2020 {published data only}
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Washio 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT02148237. Increase breastfeeding duration among puerto rican mothers [Intervention to Increase Breastfeeding Duration Among Puerto Rican Mothers]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02148237 (first received 2014 May 23). [CENTRAL: CN-01546002]
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Wasser 2015 {published data only}
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Westphal 1995 {published data only}
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Wockel 2009 {published data only}
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Xie 2018 {published data only}
    1. Xie RH, Tan H, Taljaard M, Liao Y, Krewski D, Du Q, et al. The impact of a maternal education program through text messaging in rural China: cluster randomized controlled trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2018 ;6(12):e11213. [CENTRAL: CN-02082789] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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You 2020 {published data only}
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Yu 2019 {published data only}
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Yu 2019a {published data only}
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Yukiko 2017 {published data only}
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Chen 1993 {published data only}
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Giglia 2015 {published data only}
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Hall 1978 {published data only}
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Hanson 2015 {published data only}
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Jones 1985 {published data only}
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Kohan 2017 {published data only}
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Kuppuswamy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kuppuswamy V, Logan S, Sridhar J, O'Brien E, Summer A, Ranganathan D, et al. Effect of a home-based intervention by trained community health nurses on immunization rates, exclusive breastfeeding, growth parameters, and hospitalizations for respiratory and diarrheal illness-a pilot randomized controlled trial. Annals of Global Health 2016;82(3):323. [CENTRAL: CN-01304291] [EMBASE: 614044661]
Li 2014 {published data only}
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Li 2018 {published data only}
    1. Li G, Cong J, Li L, Li Y. Effects of nursing with information support and behavior intervention on lactation and breastfeeding success rate for primiparas [Effects of nursing with information support and behavior intervention on lactation and breastfeeding success rate for primiparas]. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2018;11(3):2617-23. [CENTRAL: CN-01616528] [EMBASE: 621498537]
Lynch 1986 {published data only}
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    1. McQueen KA, Dennis CL, Stremler R, Norman CD. A pilot randomized controlled trial of a breastfeeding self-efficacy intervention with primiparous mothers. JOGNN: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 2011;40:35-46. - PubMed
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    1. Modi D, Dholakia N, Gopalan R, Venkatraman S, Dave K, Shah S, et al. MHealth intervention "ImTeCHO" to improve delivery of maternal, neonatal, and child care services-A cluster-randomized trial in tribal areas of Gujarat, India. PLOS Medicine 2019;16(10):e1002939. [CENTRAL: CN-02007887] [EMBASE: 2003754206] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Necipoglu 2021 {published data only}
    1. Necipoglu D, Bebis H, Sevig U. The effect of nursing interventions on immigrant women living in Northern Cyprus on their breastfeeding self-efficacy and success: a randomized controlled trial. Health Care for Women International 2021 ;42:1-13. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Panahi 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20120122008801N22. The effect of maternal fetal attachment on lactation [The effect of maternal fetal attachment training on success and duration of breast feeding of primiparous women]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20120122008801N22 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01900193]
    1. IRCT201508248801N10. The effect of parents education on knowledge? altitude? practice and patterns of breastfeeding [The effect of parents education on knowledge? altitude? practice and patterns of breastfeeding until four month]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201508248801N10 (first received 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01851587]
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Parsa 2018 {published data only}
    1. Parsa P, Boojar A, Bakht R, Roshanaie G. Application of mobile-phone consultation for follow-up of breast feeding continuation in primiparous women. Shiraz e Medical Journal. Conference: 2nd Shiraz International Congress on Mhealth. Iran, Islamic Republic of 2018;19(Suppl 1):16. [CENTRAL: CN-01620083] [EMBASE: 623150728]
Parsa 2020 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2017041810426N16. Effects of consultation based on Bristol tool on breast-feeding [Evaluation of the effect of consultation based on Bristol tool on self-efficacy and continuation of breast- feeding among primi-parous women undergoing cesarean section]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2017041810426N16 (first received 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01891480]
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Pugh 1998 {published data only}
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Raisi 2012 {published data only}
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Rotheram‐Fuller 2017 {published data only}
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Rowe 1990 {published data only}
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Sakkaki 2013 {published data only}
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Serafino‐Cross 1992 {published data only}
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Shafaei 2020 {published data only}
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Shobeiri 2019 {published data only}
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Talungchit 2020 {published data only}
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Ara 2019 {published data only}
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    1. ACTRN12619000531112. A smartphone application to support breastfeeding for new mothers in Vietnam [Effectiveness of a smartphone application to support breastfeeding for Vietnamese women following childbirth: Randomised controlled trial]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12619000531112 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01972742]
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    1. IRCT201105093706N6. Effect of telephone counseling on exclusive breastfeeding and postpartum depression [Effect of telephone counseling on exclusive breast feeding and postpartum depression: A randomized controlled trial]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201105093706N6 (first received 2011). [CENTRAL: CN-01858991]
IRCT2013010111964N1 2013 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2013010111964N1. The effect of peer support on the pattern of breastfeeding among mothers with a history of unsuccessful breastfeeding [Study the effect of peer support on the pattern of breastfeeding among mothers with a history of unsuccessful breastfeeding in Gorgan health centers 1390]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2013010111964N1 (first received 2013). [CENTRAL: CN-01815868]
IRCT2013092914817N1 2014 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2013092914817N1. The effect of education to improve performance in exclusive breastfeeding mothers [The effect of education based on the theory of planned behavior to improve performance in exclusive breastfeeding mothers]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2013092914817N1 (first received 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01879402]
IRCT2014060117948N1 2014 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2014060117948N1. Effect of a maternal role education program on maternal role attainment in nulliparous women with unplanned pregnancy [Effect of a maternal role education program on role attainment and maternal role satisfaction in nulliparous women with unplanned pregnancy]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014060117948N1 (first received 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01847651] - PMC - PubMed
IRCT2016020826444N1 2016 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016020826444N1. Effect of couple centered counseling comparison of person centered counseling on self-efficacy and success of lactation in breastfeed mothers [Comparison of the mother and the couple centered counseling on breastfeeding self-efficacy and sucsess]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2016020826444N1 (first received 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01847254]
IRCT20160404027216N6 2018 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20160404027216N6. Successful breastfeeding training [Studying the effect of education based on Pender's health promotion models on successful breastfeeding in pregnant women]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20160404027216N6 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01950083]
IRCT20160418027449N1 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20160418027449N1. Eeffect attendance and non-attendance education on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of females about breastfeeding [Comparison effect attendance and non-attendance education on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of females about breastfeeding]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20160418027449N1 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01950802]
IRCT2016062410804N4 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016062410804N4. Effect of message framing on breastfeeding self efficacy and behavior among women [The effect of message framing on breastfeeding self efficacy and behavior among nulliparous women]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2016062410804N4 (first received 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01894502]
IRCT2016121431416N1 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016121431416N1. Effect Postpartum care at home on postpartum outcome [Aimed to investigate the effect of postpartum care at home on postpartum outcome]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2016121431416N1 (first received 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01889935]
IRCT20170430033718N5 2021 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20170430033718N5. Comparison of the effect of acupressure, OKETANI massage and lactation training [Comparison of the effect of acupressure, OKETANI massage and lactation training on the breastfeeding self-efficacy, quality of breastfeeding, breast milk sufficiency and exclusive breast feeding in nulliparous women]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20170430033718N5 (first received 2021). [CENTRAL: CN-02238413]
IRCT20170707034931N3 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20170707034931N3. Effect of tele counseling on the continuity and duration of breastfeeding in women In Minudasht health center on summer 2014 [Effect of tele counseling on the continuity and duration of breastfeeding in women]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20170707034931N3 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01975182]
IRCT2017080735540N1 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2017080735540N1. breast feeding and support [Effect of mother to mother support on breast feeding pattern and breast feeding duration among nulliparous women]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2017080735540N1 (first received 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01889217]
IRCT20180519039708N1 2018 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20180519039708N1. Impact of peer education on breastfeeding self-efficacy [Impact of peer education on breastfeedingsSelf-efficacy in primiparous women with hospitalized neonate in neonatal ward]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180519039708N1 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01950696]
IRCT20180520039728N1 2018 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20180520039728N1. Effectiveness of the distanceeEducation program on the mothers' empowerment in breast-feeding [Compare effectiveness of the Distance Education Program and routine training on the mothers' empowerment in breast-feeding]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180520039728N1 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01904899]
IRCT20190111042321N1 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20190111042321N1. effect of postpartum education to mother about breastfeeding position /latch on newborn feeding behavior at discharge. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20190111042321N1 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01950967]
IRCT20190615043895N1 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20190615043895N1. Survey on the effect of educational intervention using mobile application on breastfeeding self-Efficacy [Survey on the effect of educational intervention using mobile application on breastfeeding selfeEfficacy of mothers attending to the Health Center of Rasht]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20190615043895N1 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-02069523]
IRCT20190705044103N2 2020 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20190705044103N2. An educational intervention based on a mobile phone application for improving maternal breastfeeding of infants in their first six month of life in Urmia, Iran [Effectiveness of a smartphone based, educational intervention on breastfeeding self-efficacy and mothers’ health literacy with infants in their first six month of life in Urmia, Iran]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20190705044103N2 (first received 2020). [CENTRAL: CN-02187587]
IRCT20190718044259N1 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20190718044259N1. The effect of support through telephone counseling on breastfeeding problems and exclusive breastfeeding [The effect of post-natal counseling on breastfeeding problems and exclusive breastfeeding]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20190718044259N1 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-02069621]
IRCT20191213045720N1 2020 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20191213045720N1. The effect of education on self-efficacy and social support and breastfeeding continuity in lactating mothers [Comparison of the effectiveness of education by telephone follow-up and social messaging follow-up on mothers' self-efficacy and social support during lactation and continued exclusive breastfeeding]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20191213045720N1 (first received 2020). [CENTRAL: CN-02240793]
IRCT20200108046055N1 2020 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200108046055N1. The effect of postpartum home visit on mothers' knowledge and attitude about exclusive breastfeeding, incidence of some breastfeeding complications [The effect of postpartum home visit on mothers' knowledge and attitude about exclusive breastfeeding, incidence of some complications of lactation and physiological jaundice in neonates in hospital]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20200108046055N1 (first received 2020). [CENTRAL: CN-02171268]
Isabel 2020 {published data only}
    1. Isabel RG, Fatima LL, Cecilia RF, Maria-de-Las-Mercedes LC. Evaluation of the impact of breastfeeding support groups in primary health centres in Andalusia, Spain: a study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial (GALMA project). BMC Public Health 2020 ;20(1):1129. [CENTRAL: CN-02140997] [EMBASE: 632396923] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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ISRCTN10412166 2018 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN10412166. 1000 Dreams: a community-based integrated early life intervention program to help babies survive and thrive. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN10412166 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01895376]
ISRCTN85493925 2013 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN85493925. Women who are breastfeeding: increasing Self-Efficacy to improve outcomes (WISE) Trial [A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effect of a breastfeeding self-efficacy enhancing intervention on breastfeeding exclusivity among primiparous mothers]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN85493925 (first received 2013). [CENTRAL: CN-01863487]
ISRCTN98898991 2019 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN98898991. Healthy future: a community health worker program to improve maternal, newborn and child health in rural China. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN98898991 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01972172] [PMID: Interventional Cluster non-blinded randomized controlled trial (Prevention) Not Applicable]
Karanja 2012 {published data only}
    1. Karanja N, Aickin M, Lutz T, Mist S, Jobe JB, Maupomé G, et al. A community-based intervention to prevent obesity beginning at birth among American Indian children: study design and rationale for the PTOTS study. Journal of Primary Prevention 2012;33(4):161-74. - PMC - PubMed
Kikuchi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kikuchi K, Ansah E, Okawa S, Shibanuma A, Gyapong M, Owusu-Agyei S, et al. Ghana's Ensure Mothers and Babies Regular Access to Care (EMBRACE) program: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:22. - PMC - PubMed
Kirkwood 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kirkwood E, Alam A, Dibley MJ, Cash S. How does a combined nutrition counselling and cash transfer intervention impact women and their level of empowerment? A study protocol from rural Bangladesh. Maternal & child nutrition 2020;16.
LeFevre 2019 {published data only}
    1. LeFevre A, Agarwal S, Chamberlain S, Scott K, Godfrey A, Chandra R, et al. Are stage-based health information messages effective and good value for money in improving maternal newborn and child health outcomes in india? Protocol for an individually randomized controlled trial. Trials [electronic Resource] 2019 ;20(1):272. [CENTRAL: CN-01939916] [EMBASE: 627729897] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
NCT01333995 2010 {published data only}
    1. NCT01333995. Peer conselling Infant Feeding Education Program [Peer Counselling to improvefFeeding practices and reduce malnutrition in children 0-2 years in Bangladesh]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01333995 (first received 2010 Dec 7). [CENTRAL: CN-01594492]
NCT02263118 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02263118. A mobile-health pilot experiment targeting mothers with newborns in ruralareas of San Juan Sacatepequez, Guatemala [A mobile-health pilot experiment targeting mothers with newborns in ruralareas of San Juan Sacatepequez, Guatemala, in the context of exclusive breastfeeding practices]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02263118 (first received 2014 Oct 2). [CENTRAL: CN-01549385]
NCT02550730 {published data only}
    1. NCT02550730. Best beginnings for babies birth sister program evaluation [Birth sisters best beginnings evaluation]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02550730 (first received 2015 Jun 23). [CENTRAL: CN-01492264]
NCT02975063 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT02975063. Alive & Thrive Nigeria Impact Evaluation [Alive & Thrive Nigeria Impact Evaluation]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02975063 (first received 2016 Oct 19). [CENTRAL: CN-01560231]
NCT02994810 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT02994810. Orientation effects of breastfeeding for mothers [OrientationeEffects of breastfeeding for mothers in a private hospital: randomized controlled trial]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02994810 (first received 2016 Jan 7). [CENTRAL: CN-01560663]
NCT03332108 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT03332108. Novel approach To Improving Lactation Support With Mobile Health Technology [Novel Approach to improving lactation support Using Mobile Health Technology]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03332108 (first received 2017 Sep 13). [CENTRAL: CN-01577612]
NCT03480048 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03480048. Breastfeeding support and weight Management for black women [Breastfeeding support and weight management for black women: a dual intervention]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03480048 (first received 2018 Mar 21). [CENTRAL: CN-01567581]
NCT03890978 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03890978. Improving exclusive Breastfeeding Via Mobile Phone Text Messages [Improving Exclusive breastfeeding via mobile phone text messages: a randomized controlled trial in southern Jordan]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03890978 (first received 2019 Mar 26). [CENTRAL: CN-01919424]
NCT03973476 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03973476. Effectiveness of midwife phone support with the to reduce the early abandonment of breastfeeding [Effectiveness of midwife phone support with the to reduce the early abandonment of breastfeeding]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03973476 (first received 2019 Jun 4). [CENTRAL: CN-01933418]
NCT04108533 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT04108533. Lactation achievement with texts at home [LATcH: Lactation Achievement With Texts at Home]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct04108533 (first received 2019 Sep 30). [CENTRAL: CN-01992364]
NCT04128202 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT04128202. Online intervention to prevent perinatal depression and promote breastfeeding [Online intervention to prevent perinatal depression and promote breastfeeding]. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04128202 (first received 2019 Oct 16). [CENTRAL: CN-02001049]
NCT04135612 2019 {published data only}
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