Primary ovarian insufficiency has strong familiality: results of a multigenerational genealogical study

Abstract

Objective: To determine the familiality of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) at population level through examination of multigenerational genealogical information linked to electronic medical records.

Design: Case-control study.

Setting: Not applicable.

Patient(s): Women with POI were identified using International Classification of Disease 9 and 10 codes in electronic medical records (1995-2021) from 2 major health care systems in Utah and reviewed for accuracy. Cases were linked to genealogy information in the Utah Population Database (UPDB). All included POI cases (n = 396) were required to have genealogy information available for at least 3 generations of ancestors. The risk of POI in relatives was compared with population rates for POI matched by age, sex, and birthplace.

Intervention(s): Not applicable.

Main outcome measure(s): Relative risk of POI in first-, second-, and third-degree relatives.

Result(s): We identified 396 validated cases of POI with an associated 2,132 first-degree relatives, 5,245 second-degree relatives, and 10,853 third-degree relatives. We found an increased risk of POI among the extended relatives of cases. Specifically, first-degree relatives demonstrated an 18-fold increased risk of POI compared with controls relative risk ([RR],18.52 95% confidence interval [CI], 10.12-31.07), second-degree relatives demonstrated a 4-fold increase (RR, 4.21; CI, 1.15-10.79), and third-degree relatives demonstrated a 2.7-fold increase (RR, 2.65; CI, 1.14-5.21]).

Conclusion(s): This is the first population-based study to assess the familial clustering of POI. The data demonstrate excess familiality, familial clustering of POI in excess compared with matched population rates of disease, among first-, second-, and third-degree relatives. These findings support a genetic contribution to POI.

Keywords: Primary ovarian insufficiency; early menopause; familiality; ovarian failure.

Figure 1.

Contribution to the Genealogical Index of Familiality (GIF) Statistic for POI cases and 1000 sets of matched controls. The number of meiosis (x-axis) represents the pairwise genetic distance with reference to a particular proband: 1=parent or child, 2=sibling or grandparent, 3=aunt/uncle or niece/nephew, 4=first cousin or great aunt/uncle, 5=first cousin once removed, 6=second cousins.