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. 2022 Oct 9;8(10):639.
doi: 10.3390/gels8100639.

Ultraviolet Radiation Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome Oil and Microemulsion: Formulation, Characterization, and Hydrogel Preparation

Chuda Chittasupho  1   2 , Sakdanai Ditsri  3 , Sudarshan Singh  1 , Mayuree Kanlayavattanakul  4 , Natthachai Duangnin  5 , Warintorn Ruksiriwanich  1   2 , Sirivan Athikomkulchai  3
Affiliations

Ultraviolet Radiation Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome Oil and Microemulsion: Formulation, Characterization, and Hydrogel Preparation

Chuda Chittasupho et al. Gels. .

Abstract

Long-term UV radiation exposure can induce skin disorders such as cancer and photoallergic reactions. Natural products have been considered as non-irritate and potential sunscreen resources due to their UV absorption and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro ultraviolet radiation protective effect and anti-inflammatory activity of K. galanga rhizome oil and microemulsions. The chemical components of K. galanga rhizome oil was analyzed via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Microemulsions containing K. galanga rhizome oil were formulated using a phase-titration method. The microemulsion was characterized for droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential, using a dynamic light-scattering technique. The physical and chemical stability of the microemulsion were evaluated via a dynamic light scattering technique and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, respectively. The UV protection of K. galanga rhizome oil and its microemulsion were investigated using an ultraviolet transmittance analyzer. The protective effect of K. galanga rhizome oil against LPS-induced inflammation was investigated via MTT and nitric oxide inhibitory assays. In addition, a hydrogel containing K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion was developed, stored for 90 days at 4, 30, and 45 °C, and characterized for viscosity, rheology, and pH. The chemical degradation of the main active compound in the microemulsion was analyzed via UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The formulated O/W microemulsion contained a high loading efficiency (101.24 ± 2.08%) of K. galanga rhizome oil, suggesting a successful delivery system of the oil. The size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential values of the microemulsion were optimized and found to be stable when stored at 4, 30, and 45 °C. K. galanga rhizome oil and microemulsion demonstrated moderate sun protective activity and reduced the nitric oxide production induced by LPS in macrophage cells, indicating that microemulsion containing K. galanga rhizome oil may help protect human skin from UV damage and inflammation. A hydrogel containing K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion was developed as a topical preparation. The hydrogel showed good physical stability after heating and cooling cycles and long-term storage (3 months) at 4 °C. The use of K. galanga rhizome oil as a natural sun-protective substance may provide a protective effect against inflammation on the skin. K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion was successfully incorporated into the hydrogel and has the potential to be used as a topical sunscreen preparation.

Keywords: Zingiberaceae; essential oil; ethyl cinnamate; nitric oxide; sunscreen.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effects of surfactant and co-surfactant on the microemulsion formation. The formulation contains (A) Tween 80® only, (B) Tween®: propylene glycol at a ratio of 1:1, (C) Tween 80®: propylene glycol at a ratio of 1:2, and (D) Tween 80®: propylene glycol at a ratio of 1:3. The pink dots represented the region of microemulsion existence.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Effects of surfactant and co-surfactant on the microemulsion formation. The formulation contains (A) Tween 80® only, (B) Tween®: propylene glycol at a ratio of 1:1, (C) Tween 80®: propylene glycol at a ratio of 1:2, and (D) Tween 80®: propylene glycol at a ratio of 1:3. The pink dots represented the region of microemulsion existence.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Identification of K. galanga oil microemulsion type. (A) Microemulsion stained with brilliant blue, (B) microemulsion stained with Sudan IV, and (C) diffusion of microemulsion in brilliant blue and Sudan IV. The micrographs were taken at a magnification power of 100×.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Identification of K. galanga oil microemulsion type. (A) Microemulsion stained with brilliant blue, (B) microemulsion stained with Sudan IV, and (C) diffusion of microemulsion in brilliant blue and Sudan IV. The micrographs were taken at a magnification power of 100×.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Physical stability of K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion after storage at 4, 30, and 45 °C for 56 days. (A) Droplet size, (B) polydispersity index, and (C) zeta potential values. The results represent the mean ± SD of three experiments. * indicates p < 0.05 compared with Day 0.
Figure 4
Figure 4
%Remaining of ethyl cinnamate after storage at 4, 30, and 45 °C for 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days. **, ***, and **** indicate p < 0.01, p < 0.001, and p < 0.0001.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Cell viability of RAW 264.7 after the treatment with K. galanga rhizome oil, K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion, and blank microemulsion for 24 h.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(A) Nitric oxide secretion (%) of RAW 264.7 after the treatment with K. galanga rhizome oil, K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion, and blank microemulsion for 18 h, compared with LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, (B) plots of nitric oxide secretion (%) of RAW 264.7 vs. concentrations of treated samples, and (C) cell viability of RAW 264.7 after the treatment with K. galanga rhizome oil, K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion, and blank microemulsion after nitric oxide induction with LPS.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(A) Nitric oxide secretion (%) of RAW 264.7 after the treatment with K. galanga rhizome oil, K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion, and blank microemulsion for 18 h, compared with LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, (B) plots of nitric oxide secretion (%) of RAW 264.7 vs. concentrations of treated samples, and (C) cell viability of RAW 264.7 after the treatment with K. galanga rhizome oil, K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion, and blank microemulsion after nitric oxide induction with LPS.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Appearance of K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion-based hydrogel.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Effects of long-term storage on the pH of K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion-based hydrogel after storage at 4, 30, and 45 °C for 3 months. **** indicates p < 0.001.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Rheology behavior of (A) K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion and K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion-based hydrogel after storage at (B) 4 °C, (C) 30 °C, (D) 45 °C, and (E) 6 heating/cooling cycles and (F) viscosity of hydrogel at shear rate of 100/s after 3-month storage. ** and **** indicate p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Rheology behavior of (A) K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion and K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion-based hydrogel after storage at (B) 4 °C, (C) 30 °C, (D) 45 °C, and (E) 6 heating/cooling cycles and (F) viscosity of hydrogel at shear rate of 100/s after 3-month storage. ** and **** indicate p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Rheology behavior of (A) K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion and K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion-based hydrogel after storage at (B) 4 °C, (C) 30 °C, (D) 45 °C, and (E) 6 heating/cooling cycles and (F) viscosity of hydrogel at shear rate of 100/s after 3-month storage. ** and **** indicate p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001.
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