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. 2022 Oct 21;7(10):324.
doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100324.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Survey in Humans, Ticks, and Livestock in Agnam (Northeastern Senegal) from February 2021 to March 2022

Moufid Mhamadi  1   2 , Aminata Badji  3 , Idrissa Dieng  1 , Alioune Gaye  3 , El Hadji Ndiaye  3 , Mignane Ndiaye  1 , Moundhir Mhamadi  4 , Cheikh Talibouya Touré  1 , Mouhamed Rassoul Mbaye  1 , Mamadou Aliou Barry  5 , Oumar Ndiaye  1   4 , Babacar Faye  2 , Fatimata Amadou Ba  6 , Boly Diop  7 , Mamadou Ndiaye  7 , Mathioro Fall  8 , Samba Niang Sagne  5 , Gamou Fall  1 , Cheikh Loucoubar  5 , Hugues Fausther-Bovendo  9 , Amadou Alpha Sall  1 , Gary Kobinger  10 , Ousmane Faye  1 , Mawlouth Diallo  3 , Oumar Faye  1
Affiliations

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Survey in Humans, Ticks, and Livestock in Agnam (Northeastern Senegal) from February 2021 to March 2022

Moufid Mhamadi et al. Trop Med Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is widespread in Asia, Europe, and Africa. In Senegal, sporadic cases of CCHFV have been reported since 1960. Bordering Mauritania in northeastern Senegal, Agnam is an arid area in the region of Matam where CCHFV is endemic, which harbors a pastoralist community. Given the drought conditions of Agnam, inhabitants are in constant movement with their animals in search of pasture, which brings them into contact with pathogens such as arboviruses. To identify CCHFV in this area, we established a One Health site in order to analyze animal livestock, ticks and human samples collected over a one-year period by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Our analysis showed one (1/364) patient carried anti-CCHFV IgM and thirty-seven carried anti-CCHFV IgG (37/364). In livestock, anti-CCHFV IgG was detected in 13 (38.24%) of 34 sentinel sheep. The risk of CCHFV infection increased significatively with age in humans (p-value = 0.00117) and sheep (p-value = 1.18 × 10-11). Additional risk factors for CCHFV infection in sheep were dry seasons (p-value = 0.004) and time of exposure (p-value = 0.007). Furthermore, we detected a total of three samples with CCHFV RNA within Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi and Rhipicephalus guilhoni tick species. Our results highlighted the usefulness of a One Health survey of CCHFV in pastoral communities at risk of arboviruses.

Keywords: CCHF; human; prevalence; sheep; tick.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Study Areas: Agnam Civol health care center (represented by the red dot) for human sampling and Idite (represented by the black dot) for sheep and tick sampling. These areas are 14.8 km apart and are located in the Agnam district in the region of Matam (colored in green) in the Northern Senegal.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Representation of seropositivity by age and the force of infection. (a) Proportion of seropositive patients by age. (b) Relation between force of infection, sensitivity, and specificity. The grey zones represent the 95% credible intervals. As the credible intervals approach the 95% confidence interval (vertical dashed line), the sensitivity and specificity approach 100%.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Temporal distribution of anti-CCHFV antibody in livestock sheep. Legend: * on month indicates the rainy seasons.
Figure 4
Figure 4
IgG uncertainty in (a) specificity and (b) sensitivity.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Estimation of the force of infection.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Prevalence of tick species.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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