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Review
. 2022 Oct 15;10(10):2586.
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10102586.

Nephroprotective Properties of the Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists

Tomislav Bulum  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Nephroprotective Properties of the Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists

Tomislav Bulum. Biomedicines. .

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease, and about 30-40% of patients with diabetes will develop kidney disease. Incretin hormones have received attention during the past three decades not only as a pharmacotherapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but also for their cardiorenometabolic effects. The main incretins are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Additional to the pancreas, receptors for GLP-1 are widely distributed in various organs, causing positive effects on endothelial function and vascular atherogenesis. Along with glycemic control and weight reduction, GLP-1 receptor agonists also strongly improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Recently, a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist has been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Compared to GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide, dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide showed a superior reduction in hemoglobin A1c and body weight. Preliminary results also suggest that tirzepatide improves kidney outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes with increased cardiovascular risk. In this review, we present the nephroprotective properties of dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonists as a new drug to treat type 2 diabetes.

Keywords: chronic kidney disease; diabetes; dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist; incretins.

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Conflict of interest statement

The author declared no conflict of interest regarding this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Incretin-based therapy.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Renal endpoints of single glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and dual GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists (RA) [35,36,41,91,98,99,100].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Single glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and dual GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists (RA) effects on macroalbuminuria [35,36,41,91,98,99,100].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Potential nephroprotective effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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