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. 2022 Sep 25;13(10):1723.
doi: 10.3390/genes13101723.

DDT Resistance in Anopheles pharoensis from Northern Cameroon Associated with High Cuticular Hydrocarbon Production

Nelly Armanda Kala-Chouakeu  1   2 , Edmond Kopya  2   3 , Vasileia Balabanidou  4 , Borel Tchamen Djiappi  1   2 , Kyriaki Maria Papapostolou  4 , Timoléon Tchuinkam  1   2 , Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio  2
Affiliations

DDT Resistance in Anopheles pharoensis from Northern Cameroon Associated with High Cuticular Hydrocarbon Production

Nelly Armanda Kala-Chouakeu et al. Genes (Basel). .

Abstract

Despite the contribution of secondary vectors to malaria transmission, there is still not enough information on their susceptibility status to insecticides. The present study assesses the resistance profile of Anopheles pharoensis to DDT. WHO tube tests were used to screen mosquito populations collected from the far-north region of Cameroon for susceptibility to 4% DDT. High DDT resistance in An. pharoensis populations from Maga, Simatou and Yangah with mortality rates ranging from 62.79% to 80% was recorded. Direct sequencing (Sanger) of the VGSC gene was undertaken to search for kdr L1014F/S mutations. However, no kdr allele was detected in the resistant samples. We then looked for cuticle alterations and CHC identification and quantitation were undertaken using GC-MS and GC-FID. High production of cuticular hydrocarbon was recorded in the populations of Yangah and Simatou, with 2420.9 ± 265 and 2372.5 ± 225 ng CHCs/mg dry weight, respectively. The present findings are the first ever describing the development of cuticle resistance in An. pharoensis. The data suggest the need to expand surveillance activities on other vector species.

Keywords: Anopheles pharoensis; Cameroon; DDT resistance; cuticular hydrocarbon; malaria.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Representative electropherogram of a wild-type (TTA) An. pharoensis sample for the kdr L1014F mutation.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mean cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) amounts from three Anopheles mosquito populations. Yangah (Y) and Simatou (S) An. pharoensis have significantly higher amounts of CHCs compared to Maga (M) mosquitoes normalized for their size differences (two-tailed t-test, p value < 0.05).
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