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Review
. 2022 Sep 22;8(10):993.
doi: 10.3390/jof8100993.

Immunologic Diagnosis of Endemic Mycoses

Rodrigo Almeida-Paes  1 , Andrea Reis Bernardes-Engemann  1 , Beatriz da Silva Motta  1 , Claudia Vera Pizzini  1 , Marcos de Abreu Almeida  1 , Mauro de Medeiros Muniz  1 , Renata Alves Barcelos Dias  1 , Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira  1
Affiliations
Review

Immunologic Diagnosis of Endemic Mycoses

Rodrigo Almeida-Paes et al. J Fungi (Basel). .

Abstract

The endemic mycoses blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, sporotrichosis, talaromycosis, adiaspiromycosis, and emergomycosis are mostly caused by geographically limited thermally dimorphic fungi (except for cryptococcosis), and their diagnoses can be challenging. Usual laboratory methods involved in endemic mycoses diagnosis include microscopic examination and culture of biological samples; however, serologic, histopathologic, and molecular techniques have been implemented in the last few years for the diagnosis of these mycoses since the recovery and identification of their etiologic agents is time-consuming and lacks in sensitivity. In this review, we focus on the immunologic diagnostic methods related to antibody and antigen detection since their evidence is presumptive diagnosis, and in some mycoses, such as cryptococcosis, it is definitive diagnosis.

Keywords: antibody; antigen; blastomycosis; coccidioidomycosis; cryptococcosis; emergomycosis; histoplasmosis; paracoccidioidomycosis; sporotrichosis; talaromycosis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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