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. 2022 Sep 29;8(10):1037.
doi: 10.3390/jof8101037.

Peptaibol Production and Characterization from Trichoderma asperellum and Their Action as Biofungicide

Pamela Alfaro-Vargas  1 , Alisson Bastos-Salas  1   2 , Rodrigo Muñoz-Arrieta  1 , Reinaldo Pereira-Reyes  3 , Mauricio Redondo-Solano  4 , Julián Fernández  5 , Aníbal Mora-Villalobos  1 , José Pablo López-Gómez  1   6
Affiliations

Peptaibol Production and Characterization from Trichoderma asperellum and Their Action as Biofungicide

Pamela Alfaro-Vargas et al. J Fungi (Basel). .

Abstract

Peptaibols (Paib), are a class of biologically active peptides isolated from soil, fungi and molds, which have interesting properties as antimicrobial agents. Paib production was optimized in flasks by adding sucrose as a carbon source, 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) as an additive amino acid, and F. oxysporum cell debris as an elicitor. Paib were purified, sequenced and identified by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)coupled to mass spectrometry. Afterward, a Paib extract was obtained from the optimized fermentations. The biological activity of these extracts was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo methods. The extract inhibited the growth of specific plant pathogens, and it showed inhibition rates similar to those from commercially available fungicides. Growth inhibition rates were 92.2, 74.2, 58.4 and 36.2% against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. Furthermore, the antifungal activity was tested in tomatoes inoculated with A. alternata, the incidence of the disease in tomatoes treated with the extract was 0%, while the untreated fruit showed a 92.5% incidence of infection Scanning electron microscopy images showed structural differences between the fungi treated with or without Paib. The most visual alterations were sunk and shriveled morphology in spores, while the hyphae appeared to be fractured, rough and dehydrated.

Keywords: biocontrol; fermentation; optimization; phytopathogenic fungi; scanning electron microscope.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Production of Paib (bars) and biomass (lines) of T. asperellum according to the carbon source added to the culture medium. Intensity values on the left axis are relative to Paib production.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Paib production (bars) and sucrose consumption (lines) of T. asperellum according to the elicitor added to the culture medium. Intensity values on the left axis are relative to Paib production. Different letters represent significant differences between treatments.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Paib production of T. asperellum according to the amino acid added to the culture medium. Intensity values on the left axis are relative to Paib production. Different letters represent significant differences between treatments.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Surface response graph of the central composite model generated for the optimization of Paib produced in the fermentation of T. asperellum.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Inhibition effect of Paib against mycelial growth of (A) C. gloeosporioides; (B) B. cinerea; (C) A. alternata and (D) F. oxysporum on PDA media after treatment with 800 µg mL−1 of Paib extract. Different letters represent significant differences between treatments.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of Paib on growth of A. alternata in tomatoes 8 days after spore inoculation and application of treatment. (A) extract with Paib; (B) control; (C) clotrimazole and (D) sterile distilled water.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Scanning electron microscope images showing the effects of Paib over the morphology of untreated fungus (1) and fungi treated with Paib (2). (A) C. gloeosporioides; (B) B. cinerea; (C) A. alternata and (D) F. oxysporum.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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