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. 2022 Oct 10;12(10):980.
doi: 10.3390/membranes12100980.

Softening with Ceramic Micro-Filtration for Application on Water Reclamation for Industrial Recirculating Cooling Systems

Noor Jehan Gulamussen  1   2 , Daniël Donse  1 , André Marques Arsénio  1 , Sebastiaan Gerard Jozef Heijman  1 , Louis Cornelis Rietveld  1
Affiliations

Softening with Ceramic Micro-Filtration for Application on Water Reclamation for Industrial Recirculating Cooling Systems

Noor Jehan Gulamussen et al. Membranes (Basel). .

Abstract

There is a global need for optimizing the use of water that has resulted from increased demand due to industrial development, population growth, climate change and the pollution of natural water resources. One of the solutions is to use reclaimed water in industrial applications that do not require water of potable quality, such as cooling water. However, for cooling water, (treated) wastewater's hardness is too high, apart from having a high load of suspended solids and organic matter. Therefore, a combination of softening with ceramic micro-filtration was proposed for treating wastewater treatment effluent containing fouling agents for potential use in industrial cooling systems. The effectiveness of the softening process on model-treated wastewater with calcium hydroxide in the presence of phosphate and sodium alginate was first evaluated using jar tests. Furthermore, membrane fouling was studied when filtering the softened water. The results showed that the inhibition of calcium carbonate precipitation occurred when inorganic substances, such as phosphate and organic compounds, were present in the water. The fouling of the membranes due to sodium alginate in water was only slightly negatively affected when combined with softening and phosphate. Therefore, this combination of treatments could be potentially helpful for the post-treatment of secondary effluent for cooling systems.

Keywords: ceramic membranes; cooling systems; water reclamation; water softening.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of the ceramic micro-filtration (CMF) setup. F1—feed flow meter (0–300 L h−1 ± 1 L h−1). F2—recycle flow meter (0–1000 L h−1). F3—permeate flow meter (0–30 L h−1). P1: pressure meter (0–20 ± 0.1 bar). P2—pressure meter (0–20 ± 0.1 bar).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Calcium removal with calcium hydroxide.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of phosphate and sodium alginate in softening with calcium hydroxide.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Inhibition effect of PO43− on precipitation of CaCO3.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Membrane performance of the softening with calcium hydroxide.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Membrane performance for the effect of sodium alginate, calcium, and softening agent on fouling.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Membrane performance for the combined effect of sodium alginate, calcium, phosphate, and softening agent on fouling.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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