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. 2022 Oct 18;14(10):2219.
doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102219.

Achyranthes aspera Extracts as Adjuvants for the Redressal of Antibiotic Resistance

Hamna Ahmad  1 , Umar Farooq Gohar  1 , Hamid Mukhtar  1 , Muhammad Zia-Ui-Haq  2 , Romina Alina Marc  3 , Marius Irimie  4 , Luigi Geo Marceanu  4 , Claudia Mihaela Gavris  4
Affiliations

Achyranthes aspera Extracts as Adjuvants for the Redressal of Antibiotic Resistance

Hamna Ahmad et al. Pharmaceutics. .

Abstract

Achyranthes aspera seeds and leaves are believed to reverse antibiotic resistance and increase the efficacy of current drugs. Achyranthes aspera seeds and leaves contain many secondary metabolites needed for the redressal of antibiotic resistance. In the present study, seven different antibiotics were used against five different strains of bacteria such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Cefoxitin, Penicillin, and Co-trimoxazole were resistant out of seven antibiotics. The zone of inhibition for all these three antibiotics goes from the resistant to the sensitive range after the combination with plant extracts. For Enterococcus faecalis, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Penicillin, Amoxicillin, Imipenem, and Vancomycin were resistant after treatment with the plant extracts, and the Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Imipenem, and Vancomycin zones of inhibition were from the resistant to the sensitive range. An increase in zone sizes was observed for Penicillin, but it remained resistant while no zone of inhibition was observed for Amoxicillin. For Acinetobacter baumannii, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, and Imipenem were resistant. After a combination of these antibiotics with plant extracts, a change in zone sizes was observed for Levofloxacin and Ceftriaxone, but it was not considerable as it remained in the resistance and intermediate ranges. No zones of inhibition were observed for Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime, or Imipenem. For Klebsiella pneumoniae, all the antibiotics were resistant. An increase in zone sizes was observed after a combination with plant extracts for Ceftazidime and Imipenem in Klebsiella pneumoniae, but it remained in the resistance category. No zone of inhibition was observed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa before or after using plant extracts against any antibiotic. This study suggests that the Achyranthes aspera seed and leaf extracts can reverse antibiotic resistance without any side effects on the human body, and that they can reverse antibiotic resistance naturally.

Keywords: antibiotic adjuvants; antibiotic resistance; redressal; resistance breakers; secondary metabolites; zone of inhibition.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Kupchan modified protocol of extraction and fractionation protocol of Achyranthes aspera (seeds and leaves) [37].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Redressal of Ciprofloxacin resistance in MRSA by using Ciprofloxacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds). All the values are means of three parallel replicates. Error in mean values indicated by error bars.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Redressal of Amikacin resistance in MRSA by using Amikacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Redressal of Cefoxitin resistance in MRSA by using Cefoxitin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Redressal of Levofloxacin resistance in MRSA by using Levofloxacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Redressal of Penicillin resistance in MRSA by using Penicillin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Redressal of Linezolid resistance in MRSA by using Linezolid in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Redressal of Co-trimoxazole resistance in MRSA by using Co-trimoxazole in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Redressal of Ciprofloxacin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis by using Ciprofloxacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Redressal of Amoxicillin–Clavulanate resistance in Enterococcus faecalis by using Amoxicillin–Clavulanate in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Redressal of Linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecalis by using Linezolid in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 12
Figure 12
Redressal of Penicillin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis by using Penicillin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 13
Figure 13
Redressal of Levofloxacin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis by using Levofloxacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 14
Figure 14
Redressal of Vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis by using Vancomycin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 15
Figure 15
Redressal of Imipenem resistance in Enterococcus faecalis by using Imipenem in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 16
Figure 16
Redressal of Ciprofloxacin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii by using Ciprofloxacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 17
Figure 17
Redressal of Amikacin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii by using Amikacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 18
Figure 18
Redressal of Ceftriaxone resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii by using Ceftriaxone in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 19
Figure 19
Redressal of Levofloxacin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii by using Levofloxacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 20
Figure 20
Redressal of Ceftazidime resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii by using Ceftazidime in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 21
Figure 21
Redressal of Imipenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii by using Imipenem in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 22
Figure 22
Redressal of Co-trimoxazole resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii by using Co-trimoxazole in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 23
Figure 23
Redressal of Ciprofloxacin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae by using Ciprofloxacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 24
Figure 24
Redressal of Amikacin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae by using Amikacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 25
Figure 25
Redressal of Ceftriaxone resistance in Klebsiella pneumonia by using Ceftriaxone in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 26
Figure 26
Redressal of Levofloxacin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae by using Levofloxacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 27
Figure 27
Redressal of Imipenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae by using Imipenem in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 28
Figure 28
Redressal of Ceftazidime resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae by using Ceftazidime in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 29
Figure 29
Redressal of Co-trimoxazole resistance in Klebsiella pneumonia by using Co-trimoxazole in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 30
Figure 30
Redressal of Ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using Ciprofloxacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 31
Figure 31
Redressal of Amikacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using Amikacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 32
Figure 32
Redressal of Ceftriaxone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using Ceftriaxone in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 33
Figure 33
Redressal of Levofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using Levofloxacin in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 34
Figure 34
Redressal of Imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using Imipenem in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 35
Figure 35
Redressal of Co-trimoxazole resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using Co-trimoxazole in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
Figure 36
Figure 36
Redressal of Ceftazidime resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using Ceftazidime in combination with various plant extracts of Achyranthes aspera (leaves and seeds).
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