Traumatic brachial plexus injury: diagnosis and treatment

Abstract

Purpose of the review: Traumatic brachial plexus injuries (BPI) are devastating life-altering events, with pervasive detrimental effects on a patient's physical, psychosocial, mental, and financial well-being. This review provides an understanding of the clinical evaluation, surgical indications, and available reconstructive options to allow for the best possible functional outcomes for patients with BPI.

Recent findings: The successful management of patients with BPI requires a multidisciplinary team approach including peripheral nerve surgeons, neurology, hand therapy, physical therapy, pain management, social work, and mental health. The initial diagnosis includes a detailed history, comprehensive physical examination, and critical review of imaging and electrodiagnostic studies. Surgical reconstruction depends on the timing of presentation and specific injury pattern. A full spectrum of techniques including neurolysis, nerve grafting, nerve transfers, free functional muscle transfers, tendon transfers, and joint arthrodesis are utilized.

Summary: Despite the devastating nature of BPI injuries, comprehensive care within a multidisciplinary team, open and practical discussions with patients about realistic expectations, and thoughtful reconstructive planning can provide patients with meaningful recovery.