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. 2022 Oct;173(6):734-739.
doi: 10.1007/s10517-022-05620-1. Epub 2022 Nov 2.

Features of the Humoral Response to Infection, Vaccination, and Revaccination during COVID-19

S Yu Kombarova  1 , A V Aleshkin  1 , L I Novikova  1 , S S Bochkareva  1 , A M Zatevalov  1 , E R Mekhtiev  1 , T E Mizaeva  2 , A A Basov  1 , O Yu Borisova  1 , E I Likhanskaya  1 , E A Voropaeva  1 , Yu N Urban  1 , S D Mitrokhin  3 , A S Shkoda  3 , V A Gushchin  4 , A E Sinyavin  4 , M A Nikiforova  4 , Yu S Lebedin  5 , A V Karaulov  1
Affiliations

Features of the Humoral Response to Infection, Vaccination, and Revaccination during COVID-19

S Yu Kombarova et al. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2022 Oct.

Abstract

IgM and IgG antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus are detected in subjects who have recovered from COVID-19; IgM antibodies persist in a 1/3 of infected subjects up to 12 months from the moment of the disease, while IgG antibodies are present in the vast majority of cases (97%; medium and high levels antibodies were registered in 85% of cases). By the 12th month, 40% of those who recovered still have a very high level of IgG antibodies to the S-protein (>500 BAU/ml). In the feces, urine, and blood serum of patients with long-term persistent IgM antibodies, no coronavirus antigens were detected. After vaccination with the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine, IgG antibodies to the S-protein are detected in 100% of cases and remain at a high level for 4 months, by the 5-6th month, the level of antibodies decreases. During revaccination, the level of IgG antibodies to S-protein reaches high values earlier than during primary vaccination, and remains high for 4 months (observation period). The blood sera of recovered and vaccinated patients have a high virus-neutralizing activity (at least 1:80), while its level is somewhat higher in recovered patients.

Keywords: COVID-19; Gam-COVID-Vac; SARS-CoV-2; antibody levels; humoral immunity.

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