The impact of different alignment strategies on bone cuts for neutral knee phenotypes in total knee arthroplasty

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to simulate and visualise the influence of the alignment strategy on bone resection in neutral knee phenotypes. It was hypothesised that different amounts of bone resection would be required depending on the alignment strategy chosen. The hypothesis was that by visualising the corresponding bone cuts, it would be possible to assess which of the different alignment strategies required the least change to the soft tissues for the chosen phenotype but still ensured acceptable component alignment and could, therefore, be considered the most ideal alignment strategy.

Methods: Simulations of the different alignment strategies (mechanical, anatomical, restricted kinematic and unrestricted kinematic) regarding their bone resections were performed on four common exemplary neutral knee phenotypes. NEU_HKA0° VAR_FMA 90° VAL_TMA90°, NEU_HKA0° NEU_FMA 93° NEU_TMA87°, NEU_HKA0° VAL_FMA 96° NEU_TMA87° and NEU_HKA0° VAL_FMA 99° VAR_TMA84°. The phenotype system used categorises knees based on overall limb alignment (i.e. hip knee angle) but also considers joint line obliquity (i.e. TKA and FMA) and has been used globally since its introduction in 2019. These simulations are based on long leg weightbearing radiographs. It is assumed that a change of 1° in the alignment of the joint line corresponds to correspond to 1 mm of distal condyle offset.

Results: In the most common neutral phenotype NEU_HKA0° NEU_FMA 93° NEU_TMA87°, with a prevalence of 30%, bone cuts remain below 4 mm regardless of alignment strategy. The greatest changes in the obliquity of the joint line can be expected for the mechanical alignment of the phenotype NEU_HKA0° VAL_FMA 99° VAR_TMA84° where the medial tibia is raised by 6 mm and the lateral femur is shifted distally by 9 mm. In contrast, the NEU_HKA0° VAR_FMA 90° VAL_TMA90° phenotype requires no change in joint line obliquity if the mechanical alignment strategy is used.

Conclusion: Illustrations of alignment strategies help the treating surgeon to estimate the postoperative joint line obliquity. When considering the alignment strategy, it seems reasonable to prefer a strategy where the joint line obliquity is changed as little as possible. Although for the most common neutral knee phenotype the choice of alignment strategy seems to be of negligible importance, in general, even for neutral phenotypes, large differences in bone cuts can be observed depending on the choice of alignment strategy.

Keywords: Alignment; Anatomical; Arthroplasty; Bone cuts; Kinematic; Knee; Mechanical; Phenotype; Restricted; TKA.

Fig. 1

The hip knee ankle angle (HKA) is formed by the lines connecting the centre points of the femoral head, the knee and the talus; FMA is the angle between the mechanical axis of the femur and a tangent to the distal femoral condyles; TMA is defined as the angle between the mechanical axis of the tibia and a tangent to the proximal articular surface of the tibia. The joint line convergence angle (JLCA) is the angle between a tangent to the proximal articular surface of the tibia and the tangent of the femoral condyles

Fig. 2

The four common or exemplary neutral (NEU) “native” phenotypes

Fig. 3

Four common or exemplary neutral (NEU) phenotypes with the different joint line obliquities

Fig. 4

Phenotype 1: NEU_HKA0° VAR_FMA 90° VAL_TMA90°

Fig. 5

Phenotype 2: NEU_HKA0° NEU_FMA 93° NEU_TMA87°

Fig. 6

Phenotype 3: NEU_HKA0° VAL_FMA 96° NEU_TMA87°

Fig. 7

Phenotype 4: NEU_HKA0° VAL_FMA 99° VAR_TMA84°