Zika virus as an emerging arbovirus of international public health concern

Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) was identified in 1947 in a rhesus monkey during an investigation of the yellow fever virus in the Zika Forest of Uganda; it was also isolated later from humans in Nigeria. The main distribution areas of ZIKV were the African mainland and South-East Asia in the 1980s, Micronesia in 2007, and more recently the Americas in 2014. ZIKV belongs to the Flaviviridae family and Flavivirus genus. ZIKV infection, which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, is an emerging arbovirus disease. The clinical symptoms of ZIKV infection are fever, headache, rashes, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis, which clinically resemble dengue fever syndrome. Sometimes, ZIKV infection has been associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. At the end of 2015, following an increase in cases of ZIKV infection associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly in newborns in Brazil, the World Health Organization declared a global emergency. Therefore, considering the global distribution and pathogenic nature of this virus, the current study aimed at reviewing the virologic features, transmission patterns, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ZIKV infection.

Keywords: Aedes; Arboviruses; Flavivirus; Microcephaly; Zika virus.

Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the Zika virus genome.

Figure 2.

All countries and territories that have or have had Zika transmission. Content source: World Health Organization, (as of February 2022). Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/emergencies/zika/map-of-countries_with_zika_transmission_feb2022.pdf?sfvrsn=802a352a_5