The European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report

Abstract

This report of the EFSA and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2020 in 27 EU Member States (MS) and nine non-MS. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically. Two events impacted 2020 MS data collection and related statistics: the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU. In 2020, the first and second most reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. The EU trend for confirmed human cases of these two diseases was stable (flat) from 2016 to 2020. Fourteen of the 26 MS reporting data on Salmonella control programmes in poultry met the reduction targets for all poultry categories. Salmonella results for carcases of various species performed by competent authorities were more frequently positive than own-checks conducted by food business operators. This was also the case for Campylobacter quantification results from broiler carcases for the MS group that submitted data from both samplers, whereas overall at EU level, those percentages were comparable. Yersiniosis was the third most reported zoonosis in humans, with 10-fold less cases reported than salmonellosis, followed by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Listeria monocytogenes infections. Illnesses caused by L. monocytogenes and West Nile virus infections were the most severe zoonotic diseases with the highest case fatality. In 2020, 27 MS reported 3,086 foodborne outbreaks (a 47.0% decrease from 2019) and 20,017 human cases (a 61.3% decrease). Salmonella remained the most frequently reported causative agent for foodborne outbreaks. Salmonella in 'eggs and egg products', norovirus in 'crustaceans, shellfish, molluscs and products containing them' and L. monocytogenes in 'fish and fish products' were the agent/food pairs of most concern. This report also provides updates on tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium caprae, Brucella, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxoplasma, rabies, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and tularaemia.

Keywords: Campylobacter; Listeria; Salmonella; foodborne outbreaks; monitoring; parasites; zoonoses.

Figure 1

Reported numbers of cases and notification rates of confirmed human zoonoses in the EU, 2020


1. Note: The total number of confirmed cases is indicated in parentheses at the end of each bar.
(a): Regarding West Nile virus infection, the total number of cases was used (includes probable and confirmed cases).

Figure 2

Trends in reported confirmed human cases of campylobacteriosis in the EU, by month, 2016–2020


1. Source: Austria, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden.

Figure 3

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of non‐typhoidal salmonellosis in the EU by month, 2016–2020


1. Source: Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Latvia, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovenia, Slovakia.

Figure 4

Prevalence of poultry flocks (breeding flocks of Gallus gallus, laying hens, broilers, breeding turkeys and fattening turkeys) positive for target Salmonella serovars, EU MS and non‐MS countries, 2020


1. Vertical bars indicate the target to be reached, which was fixed at 1% for all poultry populations with the exception of laying hens for which it was 2%.

Figure 5

Prevalence of S. Enteritidis‐positive breeding flocks of Gallus gallus during the production period, EU MS and non‐MS countries, 2020


1. No data: Country with breeding flocks of Gallus gallus but no data were reported; Not applicable: Country without breeding flocks of Gallus gallus; Unknown: No information about the presence of breeding flocks of Gallus gallus was available.

Figure 6

Prevalence of S. Typhimurium‐positive (including monophasic variants) breeding flocks of Gallus gallus during the production period, EU MS and non‐MS, 2020


1. No data: Country with breeding flocks of Gallus gallus but no data were reported; Not applicable: Country without breeding flocks of Gallus gallus; Unknown: No information about the presence of breeding flocks of Gallus gallus was available.

Figure 7

Prevalence of S. Infantis‐positive breeding flocks of Gallus gallus during the production period, EU MS and non‐MS, 2020


1. No data: Country with breeding flocks of Gallus gallus but no data were reported; Not applicable: Country without breeding flocks of Gallus gallus; Unknown: No information about the presence of breeding flocks of Gallus gallus was available.

Figure 8

Prevalence of S. Enteritidis‐positive laying hen flocks of Gallus gallus during the production period, EU MS and non‐MS, 2020


1. No data: Country with laying hen flocks of Gallus gallus but no data were reported; Unknown: No information about the presence of laying hen flocks of Gallus gallus was available.

Figure 9

Prevalence of S. Typhimurium‐positive (including monophasic variants) laying hen flocks of Gallus gallus during the production period, EU MS and non‐MS, 2020


1. No data: Country with laying hen flocks of Gallus gallus but no data were reported; Unknown: No information about the presence of laying hen flocks of Gallus gallus was available.

Figure 10

Prevalence of S. Enteritidis‐positive broiler flocks of Gallus gallus before slaughter, EU MS and non‐MS, 2020


1. No data: Country with broiler flocks of Gallus gallus but no data were reported; Unknown: No information about the presence of broiler flocks of Gallus gallus was available.

Figure 11

Prevalence of S. Typhimurium‐positive (including monophasic variants) broiler flocks of Gallus gallus before slaughter, EU MS and non‐MS, 2020


1. No data: Country with broiler flocks of Gallus gallus but no data were reported; Unknown: No information about the presence of broiler flocks of Gallus gallus was available.

Figure 12

Prevalence of S. Typhimurium‐positive (including monophasic variants) breeding turkey flocks during the production period, EU MS and non‐MS, 2020


1. No data: Country with breeding turkey flocks but no data were reported; Not applicable: Country without breeding turkey flocks; Unknown: No information about the presence of breeding turkey flocks was available.

Figure 13

Prevalence of S. Enteritidis‐positive and/or S. Typhimurium‐positive (including monophasic variants) flocks of fattening turkeys before slaughter, EU MS and non‐MS, 2020


1. No data: Country with fattening turkey flocks but no data were reported; Not applicable: Country without fattening turkey flocks; Unknown: No information about the presence of fattening turkey flocks was available.

Figure 14

Trend in the estimated prevalence of poultry flocks positive for Salmonella spp. and target Salmonella serovars, at EU level for different poultry populations, 2007–2020

Figure 15

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of S. Enteritidis infections acquired in the EU, by month, 2016–2019

1. Source: Austria, Czechia, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and Slovakia.

Figure 16

Sankey diagram of the distribution of the top five EU Salmonella serovars involved in human salmonellosis cases acquired in the EU, reported from specified food–animal categories, by food–animal source, EU, 2020

1. The left side of the diagram shows the five most commonly reported Salmonella serovars involved in human salmonellosis cases acquired in the EU: S. Enteritidis (blue), S. Infantis (green), S. Typhimurium (orange), monophasic S. Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:‐) (violet) and S. Derby (magenta). Animal and food data from the same source were merged: ‘broiler’ includes isolates from broiler flocks and broiler meat, ‘bovine’ includes isolates from bovines for meat production and bovine meat, ‘pig’ includes isolates from fattening pigs and pig meat, ‘turkey’ includes isolates from fattening turkey flocks and turkey meat, and ‘layers’ includes isolates from laying hen flocks and eggs. The right side shows the five sources considered (broiler, bovine, pig, turkey and layers). The width of the coloured bands linking sources and serovars is proportional to the percentage of isolates of each serovar from each source.

Figure 17

Sankey diagram of the distribution of the top five EU Salmonella serovars involved in human salmonellosis cases acquired in the EU and reported from specified food–animal categories, by reporting MS, EU, 2020

1. The left side of the diagram shows the five most commonly reported Salmonella serovars from human salmonellosis cases acquired in the EU: S. Enteritidis (blue), S. Infantis (green), S. Typhimurium (orange), monophasic S. Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:‐) (violet) and S. Derby (magenta). The right side shows the reporting MS. The width of the coloured bands linking MS and serovars is proportional to the percentage of isolates of each serovar reported by each MS.

Figure 18

Overview of Listeria monocytogenes testing along the food chain according to the sampling stage, the sampler and the objective of the sampling

1. CA: Competent Authority; FBOp: Food business operator; Lm: Listeria monocytogenes; MS: Member State; RTE: ready‐to‐eat.

Figure 19

Trends in reported confirmed human cases of listeriosis in the EU by month, 2016–2020


1. Source: Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Figure 20

Proportion of Listeria monocytogenes positive sampling units (all sampling stages) by detection method in RTE fish and fishery products, EU, 2020–2017

Figure 21

Proportion of Listeria monocytogenes positive sampling units (all sampling stages) by the detection method in RTE meat and meat products (pork meat, turkey meat, broiler meat, bovine meat), EU, 2020–2017

Figure 22

Proportion of Listeria monocytogenes positive sampling units (all sampling stages) by the detection method in cheeses (soft and semi‐soft cheeses raw milk, hard cheese raw milk, hard cheese pasteurised milk, soft and semisoft cheese pasteurised milk), EU, 2020–2017

Figure 23

Proportion of Listeria monocytogenes positive sampling units (all sampling stages) by the detection method in fruits and vegetables, EU, 2020–2017

Figure 24

Trends in reported confirmed human cases of STEC infection in the EU by month, 2016–2020

1. Source: Austria, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden.

Figure 25: Map of the number of confirmed tuberculosis cases due to Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae in individuals of EU origin, and national herd prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle (ignoring OTF regions) in EU MS and non‐MS countries, 2020

Figure 26

Bovine tuberculosis status by country in MS and non‐MS, EU, 2020

Figure 27

Proportion of cattle herds infected with bovine tuberculosis in OTF regions, EU, 2010–2020

1. OTF: Officially bovine tuberculosis‐free in cattle.(*): Data reported by the United Kingdom in years 2016–2019 were included, when it was an EU Member State. Since 1 February 2020, the UK has become a third country.

Figure 28

Proportion of cattle herds positive for bovine tuberculosis in non‐OTF regions, EU, 2010–2020

1. OTF: Officially bovine tuberculosis‐free in cattle.
(*): Data reported by the United Kingdom in years 2016–2019 were included, when it was an EU Member State. Since 1 February 2020, the UK has become a third country.

Figure 29

Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis‐positive cattle herds in non‐OTF regions of four co‐financed non‐OTF MS and of one non‐co‐financed non‐OTF MS (Greece), 2004–2020

Figure 30

Trends in reported confirmed human cases of brucellosis in the EU, by month, 2016–2020


1. Source: Austria, Cyprus, Czechia, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovenia, Slovakia.

Figure 31

Number of confirmed, domestically acquired brucellosis cases in humans and prevalence of Brucella‐positive cattle herds, and sheep and goat flocks, in EU MS and non‐MS, 2020


1. Note: A total of 30 brucellosis cases notified in 2020 to ECDC and reported by Italy (18), Belgium (4), Germany (3), Austria (2), Bulgaria (1), Croatia (1) and Sweden (1) are not represented on the map because the origin of infection (i.e. imported or domestically acquired) was unknown.

Figure 32

Status of countries for bovine brucellosis, MS and non‐MS, 2020

Figure 33

Proportion of Brucella‐positive cattle herds, in non‐OBF regions, EU, 2012–2020


1. OBF: Officially brucellosis free in cattle.
(*): From 2016 to 2019, the data included data reported by the United Kingdom, then an EU MS. Since 1 February 2020, the United Kingdom is a third country.

Figure 34

Prevalence of Brucella‐positive cattle herds, in non‐OBF regions of two co‐financed, non‐OBF MS and one non‐co‐financed, non‐OBF MS (Greece), 2005–2020

Figure 35

Status of countries for ovine and caprine brucellosis, MS and non‐MS, 2020

Figure 36

Proportion of brucellosis‐positive sheep and goat flocks, in non‐ObmF regions, EU, 2012–2020


1. ObmF: Officially Brucella melitensis free in sheep and goats.
(*): From 2016 to 2019, the data included data reported by the United Kingdom, then an EU MS. Since 1 February 2020, the United Kingdom is a third country.

Figure 37

Prevalence of brucellosis‐positive sheep and goat flocks, in non‐ObmF regions in five co‐financed, non‐ObmF MS, 2004–2020

Figure 38

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of trichinellosis in the EU by month, 2016–2020


1. Source: Austria, Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Greece, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden.

Figure 39

Trichinella spp. in domestic pigs and farmed wild boar, in EU MS and non‐MS countries, 2012–2020

1. These distribution maps have been built based on data from reports (EFSA and ECDC, 2015a, b, 2016, 2017, 2018a, 2019, 2021).

Figure 40

Pooled prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red and Arctic foxes within the EU and adjacent countries, depicting the current epidemiological situation in Europe (Oksanen et al., 2016)

Figure 41

Cumulative proportion (%) of test‐positive animals for Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, by intermediate host species, in EU MS and other European countries, 2016–2020

Figure 42

Cumulative proportion (%) of test‐positive animals for Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in MS and non‐MS, by country, 2016–2020


1. Intermediate hosts included on the map are cattle, deer, goats, horses, moose, mouflons, pigs, reindeer, sheep, water buffalos and wild boars. Because of the co‐endemicity with Echinococcus multilocularis, pigs were excluded from Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia data when Echinococcus species information was not reported.

Figure 43

Frequency distribution (%) of foodborne outbreaks, by type of outbreak and country, in reporting EU MS and non‐MS countries, 2020

Figure 44

Number of foodborne outbreaks by strength of evidence in reporting EU MS, 2010– 2020


1. Note: the number of MS reporting outbreaks is shown at the bottom (N).
Outbreaks reported by the United Kingdom are included for the years 2010–2019.

Figure 45

Number of human cases in foodborne outbreaks by strength of evidence in reporting EU MS, 2010–2020


1. Note: the number of MS reporting outbreaks is shown at the bottom (N).
Cases involved in outbreaks reported by the United Kingdom are included for the years 2010–2019.
Cases involved in both strong‐evidence outbreaks and weak‐evidence outbreaks are included in the figure.

Figure 46

Yearly relative variation (%) of foodborne outbreaks reported in 2020 compared with 2019 in reporting EU‐MS and non‐MS

Figure 47

Trends in numbers of strong‐evidence and weak‐evidence outbreaks (left vertical axis) and outbreak reporting rate (for 100,000 population) (right axis) in reporting EU MS and non‐MS countries, 2010–2020


1. Note: * indicates countries with a statistically significant trend (p < 0.05) over the period.
Dark red and light red representing strong‐ and weak‐evidence outbreaks, respectively.
Blue has been used to show both the trend line and the secondary Y‐axis representing the outbreak reporting rate. This was adopted for Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Slovakia, in order to highlight a scale that is different to that of the other countries.

Figure 48

Distribution of strong‐ and weak‐evidence foodborne outbreaks, per causative agent, in reporting EU MS, 2020


1. Note: Only FBO reported by EU Member States are shown in the figure.
Marine biotoxins includes ciguatoxin and other unspecified marine toxins.

   Other viruses includes Tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBE), Hepatitis E and other unspecified viruses.
Other bacterial agents includes Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and other unspecified bacteria.
Other parasites includes Anisakis, Giardia and Enterocytozoon bieneusi.
Other causative agents includes lectin.

Figure 49

Overview of EU MS and non‐MS reporting data on foodborne outbreaks, by causative agent, 2020


1. Note: The table may be read by column (country) or by row (causative agent). The number at the end of each row is the number of countries that reported for 2020 a given causative agent for outbreaks in 2020 while the number at the top of each column indicates refers to the number of causative agents identified in outbreaks by a given country in 2020. Slovenia is not shown because no outbreaks were detected in 2020. ‘Escherichia coli' other than STEC includes Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). ‘Bacillus cereus toxins’ include Bacillus cereus, Bacillus cereus enterotoxins. ‘Staphylococcus aureus toxins’ include staphylococcal enterotoxins. ‘Norovirus and other calicivirus’ include norovirus (Norwalk‐like virus), sapovirus (Sapporo‐like virus), and calicivirus unspecified. ‘Other viruses' include Hepatitis E and other unspecified viruses. ‘Histamine and scombrotoxin’ include histamine and scombrotoxin. ‘Marine biotoxins' include ciguatoxin and other unspecified marine toxins. ‘Other agents' include lectin.

Figure 50

Frequency distribution of foodborne outbreaks (inner circle) and human cases involved in outbreaks (outer circle), by reporting EU MS and non‐MS (bottom figure), by causative agent, 2020

1. Causative agents are shown in different colours. The size of each sector is proportional to the number of outbreaks (internal circle) and human cases (external circle) involved in outbreaks. The number of cases is shown inside the circle. The number of outbreaks is shown outside the circle.Information on the number of involved cases was not available for one outbreak in Germany caused by norovirus and for nine outbreaks from Ireland caused by Hepatitis A, Shiga toxin‐producing E. coli and an unknown agent. Slovenia is not shown because no outbreaks were detected in 2020.‘Other bacterial agents include’: Escherichia coli other than STEC, Shigella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, bacteria unspecified.‘Bacillus toxins’ include Bacillus cereus, Bacillus cereus enterotoxins, and B. subtilis (only one outbreak of B. subtilis reported by the United Kingdom).‘Staphylococcus aureus toxins’ include staphylococcal enterotoxins.‘Norovirus and other calicivirus’ include norovirus (Norwalk‐like virus), sapovirus (Sapporo‐like virus), calicivirus unspecified.‘Other viruses' include Hepatitis E and other unspecified viruses.‘Marine biotoxins' includes ciguatoxin and other unspecified marine toxins.‘Other agents’ includes lectin.‘Other parasites’ includes Anisakis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Giardia.

Figure 51

foodborne outbreaks reported in 2020, by country and by causative agent and % of difference compared with 2019, in reporting EU MS and non‐MS

1. A blank value in the variation (%) column indicates that the 2020/2019 variation cannot be calculated because no outbreaks were reported in 2020 or in 2019. Slovenia is not shown because no outbreaks were detected in 2020.‘Bacillus toxins’ includes Bacillus cereus, Bacillus cereus enterotoxins, and B. subtilis (only one outbreak of B. subtilis reported by the United Kingdom).‘Staphylococcus aureus toxins’ includes staphylococcal enterotoxins.‘Norovirus and other calicivirus’ includes norovirus (Norwalk‐like virus), sapovirus (Sapporo‐like virus), calicivirus unspecified.‘Marine biotoxins' includes ciguatoxin and other unspecified marine toxins.

Figure 52

Frequency distribution (%) of causative agents associated with strong‐evidence foodborne outbreaks, by food vehicle, in reporting EU MS, 2020

1. Note: N = number of strong‐evidence outbreaks by food type.‘Other bacterial agents’ include Escherichia coli other than STEC, Shigella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other bacteria, unspecified.‘Bacillus cereus toxins’ include Bacillus cereus, Bacillus cereus enterotoxins.‘Staphylococcus aureus toxins’ include staphylococcal enterotoxins.‘Norovirus and other calicivirus’ include norovirus (Norwalk‐like virus), sapovirus (Sapporo‐like virus), calicivirus unspecified.‘Marine biotoxins' include ciguatoxin and other unspecified marine toxins.Composite foods, multi‐ingredients foods and other foods include ‘Bakery products', ‘Bakery products ‐ cakes', ‘Bakery products ‐ cakes ‐ containing raw cream', ‘Bakery products ‐ desserts ‐ containing raw eggs', ‘Bakery products ‐ pastry ‐ yeast leavened pastry', ‘Buffet meals', ‘Canned food products', ‘Mixed food', ‘Other foods', ‘Other processed food products and prepared dishes', ‘Other processed food products and prepared dishes ‐ meat based dishes', ‘Other processed food products and prepared dishes ‐ pasta', ‘Other processed food products and prepared dishes ‐ pasta based dishes', ‘Other processed food products and prepared dishes ‐ sushi', ‘Soups', ‘Sweets and chocolate'.Eggs and egg products include ‘Eggs', ‘Eggs ‐ raw material (liquid egg) for egg products', ‘Eggs ‐ table eggs ‐ mixed whole', ‘Eggs and egg products'.Fish and fishery products include ‘Crustaceans, shellfish, molluscs and products thereof', ‘Fish ‐ smoked', ‘Fish ‐ smoked ‐ hot‐smoked', ‘Fish and fish products', ‘Live bivalve molluscs ‐ oysters'.Foods of non‐animal origin includes ‘Cereal products including rice and seeds/pulses (nuts, almonds)’, ‘Fruit, berries and juices and other products thereof', ‘Fruit ‐ whole', ‘Herbs and spices', ‘Nuts and nut products', ‘Vegetables', ‘Vegetables ‐ pre‐cut', ‘Vegetables and juices and other products thereof'.Meat and meat products includes ‘Bovine meat and products thereof', ‘Broiler meat (Gallus gallus) and products thereof', ‘Meat and meat products', ‘Meat from bovine animals ‐ meat products', ‘Meat from bovine animals ‐ meat products ‐ ready‐to‐eat', ‘Meat from pig ‐ fresh', ‘Meat from pig ‐ meat products ‐ fresh raw sausages', ‘Meat from poultry, unspecified ‐ meat products ‐ non‐ready‐to‐eat', ‘Meat from wild boar ‐ meat products ‐ fresh raw sausages', ‘Meat, mixed meat ‐ meat products ‐ ready‐to‐eat', ‘Other or mixed red meat and products thereof', ‘Other, mixed or unspecified poultry meat and products thereof', ‘Pig meat and products thereof'.Milk and milk products includes ‘Cheese', ‘Cheeses made from cows' milk', ‘Dairy products (other than cheeses)', ‘Milk, cows' ‐ pasteurised milk', ‘Milk, cows' ‐ raw milk', ‘Milk, goats' ‐ raw milk', ‘Milk, sheep's ‐ raw milk'.Water (and other beverages) includes ‘Tap water, including well water', ‘Water'.

Figure 53

Distribution (%) of food vehicles implicated in strong‐ and weak‐evidence foodborne outbreaks in reporting EU MS, 2020.

Figure 54

Distribution of the number of strong‐ and weak‐evidence foodborne outbreaks (left side) and human cases (right side), by place of exposure (setting), in reporting EU MS, 2020

Figure 55

Distribution of strong‐evidence foodborne outbreaks, by place of exposure (setting) and by causative agent, in reporting EU MS, 2020

1. Note: N = number of strong‐evidence outbreaks by food type.‘Other bacterial agents’ include Escherichia coli other than STEC, Shigella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other bacteria, unspecified.‘Bacillus toxins’ include Bacillus cereus, Bacillus cereus enterotoxins, and B. subtilis (only one outbreak of B. subtilis reported by the United Kingdom).‘Staphylococcus aureus toxins’ include Staphylococcal enterotoxins.‘Norovirus and other calicivirus’ include norovirus (Norwalk‐like virus), sapovirus (Sapporo‐like virus), calicivirus unspecified.‘Marine biotoxins' include ciguatoxin and other unspecified marine toxins.

Figure 56

Frequency distribution of contributing factors in strong‐evidence foodborne outbreaks, by place of exposure (setting), in reporting EU MS, 2020

1. Note: Restaurant, pub, street vendors, takeaway, etc. includes Restaurant or café or pub or bar or hotel or catering service, mobile retailer or market/street vendor, takeaway or fast‐food outlet.Canteen or catering at workplace, school, hospital, etc., includes school or kindergarten, residential institution (nursing home or prison or boarding school), canteen or workplace catering, hospital or medical care facility, catering on aircraft or ship or train.Other settings includes camp or picnic, farm, multiple places of exposure in one country, multiple places of exposure in more than one country, other settings unspecified, temporary mass catering (fairs or festivals).

Figure 57

Number of strong‐ and weak‐evidence foodborne outbreaks by causative agent, in reporting EU MS, 2010 to 2020

1. Note: Outbreaks reported by the United Kingdom are included for the years 2010–2019.‘Escherichia coli' other than STEC includes Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC).‘Bacillus cereus toxins’ include Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus cereus enterotoxins.‘Staphylococcus aureus toxins’ include staphylococcal enterotoxins.‘Norovirus and other calicivirus’ include norovirus (Norwalk‐like virus), sapovirus (Sapporo‐like virus), and calicivirus unspecified.‘Marine biotoxins' include ciguatoxin and other unspecified marine toxins.

Figure 58

Trends in the number of Salmonella outbreaks (left vertical axis) and the Salmonella outbreak reporting rate per 100,000 population (right axis), reporting EU MS and non‐MS, 2010–2020

1. Note: The orange line (right axis) in the graphs represents the Salmonella outbreak reporting rate and was measured on the same scale for all MS (except for Slovakia), to allow a direct comparison between countries. The blue bars show the yearly trend in terms of absolute numbers of Salmonella outbreaks (left axis), using the most appropriate scale for each country.Blue has been used to show both the trend line and the secondary Y‐axis representing the outbreak reporting rate. This was adopted for Slovakia to highlight that the scale was different from the other countries.* Indicates countries with a statistically significant trend (p < 0.05) over several years.

Figure 59

Trends in the number of outbreaks (left vertical axis) and outbreak reporting rate (per 100,000 population) (right axis), by causative agent, in reporting EU MS, 2010–2020. Only MS and causative agents with a statistically significant temporal trend are shown

1. Note: only causative agents and countries with statistically significant trends and more than five outbreaks reported per year, on average are shown.

Figure 60

Trends in the number of strong‐evidence outbreaks (left vertical axis) and outbreak reporting rate (for 100,000 population) (right axis), by food vehicle, in reporting EU MS, 2010–2020. Only MS and food with a statistically significant temporal trend are shown

1. Note: only food vehicles and countries with statistically significant trends and more than five outbreaks reported per year, on average, are shown.

Figure 61

Trends in reported confirmed human cases of yersiniosis in the EU, by month, 2016–2020

1. Source(s): Austria, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden.

Figure 62

Choropleth map of the number of tested and positive foxes, and geographical distribution of the reported rabies cases in foxes in EU MS and non‐EU countries, 2020

Figure 63

Choropleth map of the number of tested and positive bats, and geographical distribution of the reported rabies cases in bats in EU MS and non‐EU countries, 2020

Figure 64

Choropleth map of the number of tested and positive pets, and geographical distribution of the reported rabies cases in pets in EU MS and non‐EU countries, 2020

Figure 65

Choropleth map of the number of tested and positive farmed animals, and geographical distribution of the reported rabies cases in farmed animals in EU MS and non‐EU countries, 2020

Figure 66

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of Q fever in the EU by month, 2016–2020

1. Source: Data from Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden. Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg and Spain did not report data at the level of detail required for the analysis.

Figure 67

Geographical distribution of locally acquired West Nile virus infections among humans (NUTS 3 level) and outbreaks detected among equids and birds (x,y coordinates) across the EU, transmission season 2020

1. Data source: ECDC for human cases, ADNS for animal outbreaks. Outbreaks in birds or equids that were not notified to the ADNS are not included in the map.

Figure 68

Trend in reported human WNV infections in the EU MS, by month, 2016–2020

1. Source(s): Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden. Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany and Portugal did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis.

Figure 69

Reported human cases of West Nile virus infection in EU MS, by month across the different years (2016–2020)

Figure 70

Outbreaks of West Nile infection in animals in EU MS, by month across the different years (2016–2020)

1. Data source: ADNS for animal outbreaks. Outbreaks in birds or equids that were not notified to ADNS are not included.

Figure 71

Trends in reported confirmed human cases of tularaemia in the EU, by month and year, 2016–2020

1. Source: Austria, Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden. Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Portugal did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis.